NRG Expert Coal and Clean Coal Report Table of Contents




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1. Executive Summary 21
2. Global Overview 22
Coal Production 22
Coal Demand 23
Coal Demand by Country 24
International Coal Trade 29
Coal-fired Power Generation 30
Global Energy Reserves 35
3. Coal Rank 38
Primary Coal 39
Secondary Coal 40
Coke Coal 40
Metallurgical Coal 40
Hard Coal 40
Coal Rank 40
Anthracite 40
Bituminous Coal 40
Sub-bituminous Coal 40
Lignite 40
Steam coal 40
Brown coal 40
Heat Content of Coal or Calorific Value 41
4. International Coal Trade 43
Structure of the International Coal Trade 43
Geographical Distribution of International Coal Production and Trade 43
Development of the Single Global Coal Market 49
The USA 52
Canada 53
Emergence of Australia as the Leading Exporter 53
South Africa 53
New Entrants 54
Regional Markets and Trade Patterns 54
Future Trading Patterns 54
International Coal Prices 56
McCloskey Coal Information Services (MCIS) NWE Steam Coal Marker Price 56
Steam Coal Prices 57
Coking Coal Prices 60
Fossil Fuel Prices 60
Steel Production 61
5. Shipping and Freight Rates 65
Freight as a Component of Coal Prices 65
Ocean Freight Rates 65
Price Indexes 69
Ocean Vessel Categories 70
Cape Vessels 70
Panamax Vessels 70
HandyMax Vessels 70
Fleet Size 70
6. New Technologies – Extraction and Environment 71
Clean Coal Technologies (CCT) 71
Switch to a cleaner fuel or reduce load to burn less of a ‘dirty’ fuel 71
Efficiency improvement 71
Clean coal technology (CCT) 73
Carbon Abatement Technologies 74
Improvement in Combustion Efficiencies 74
Co-firing with CO2 Neutral Biomass Fuels 75
Carbon Capture and Storage or Carbon Sequestration (CCS) 75
Cost-benefit of carbon capture and storage (CCS) 78
Support and prospects for carbon capture and storage (CCS) 78
Major barriers to the development of carbon capture and storage (CCS) 85
New Coal Extraction Technology 93
Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) 93
Coal Mine Methane 97
7. Environment 106
The Kyoto Protocol 108
Copenhagen Accord 108
The Environmental Legislation of the EU 109
LCPD – Large Combustion Plant Directive 109
ETS Emissions Trading Directive 110
The Environmental Legislation of the US 110
Clean Air Act and Amendments 111
Existing Programmes under the Clean Air Act 111
Effects of Compliance on Regional Coal Supply and Demand 112
Clear Skies Act 113
Japan 114
China 114
India 115
8. China 116
Economic Background 116
Primary Energy 116
The Coal Sector 117
Future of Coal 119
Coal Quality 120
Geographical Distribution of Coal Reserves and Mines in China 120
Production 122
Mine safety 123
Chemicals from Coal 124
Coal Companies 125
China Shenhua Energy Group CSEC 125
China National Coal Group Corporation 127
Datong Coal Mining Group 128
Yanzhou Coal Mining Company Limited 128
Shangxi Coke Group 128
Steel Industry 128
Power Generation 129
Imports and Exports of Coal 132
Transport 136
Coal Ports 137
Rail 138
Inland Waterways 139
The Grand Canal 139
Coal Slurry Pipeline 139
Environmental Impact 140
Impact of Coal Combustion 140
Carbon Dioxide 140
Sulphur 141
Oxides of Nitrogen 142
Low NOx Burners 142
Particulates 142
Coal Preparation 142
Integrated Coal Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) 143
9. USA 144
Economic Background 144
Primary Energy 144
Coal Sector 145
Imports and Exports 149
Geographical Distribution of Coal Reserves 151
Coal Quality 162
Coal Producers 162
Peabody Energy Corporation 165
Arch Coal, Inc 167
Cloud Peak Energy 168
Alpha Natural Resources 169
CONSOL Energy Inc. 172
Massey Energy Company 174
North American Coal Corporation 175
Kiewit Mining Group 175
Patriot Coal Corporation 176
Alliance Resource Partners 176
Murray Energy Corporation 178
Westmoreland Coal Company 178
Other mining companies 179
Coal Mines 180
Power Generation 182
Transport 184
Rail, inland shipping and road 184
Ports 185
Environmental Impact 186
Air Pollution 187
Energy Use and Carbon Emissions 188
Energy and Carbon Intensity 189
10. Australia 190
Economic Background 190
Primary Energy 190
Coal Sector 190
Coal Quality 193
Geographical Distribution of Coal Reserves 194
Coal Producers 207
Anglo Coal Australia (Anglo American Australia) 207
BHP Billiton 209
Rio Tinto 211
Xstrata 212
Power Generation 215
Transport 219
Rail 219
Conveyors 220
Road Transport 220
Ports 220
Shiploading and Blending 223
R&D 223
11. South Africa 224
Economic Background 224
Primary Energy 224
Coal Sector 224
Coal Quality 227
Geographical Distribution of Coal Reserves 228
Coal Producers 230
Anglo Operations 231
BHP Billiton 233
Exarro 233
Sasol 234
Synthetic Fuels 234
Exports 236
Rail infrastructure 237
Environmental Impact 238
12. Poland 239
Economic Background 239
Primary Energy 239
Coal Sector 240
History 241
Coal Consumption 242
Coal Quality 244
Coal Reserves 244
Geographical Distribution of Coal Reserves and Mines in Poland 244
Coal Producers 245
Power Generation 246
Transport 247
Rail 247
Environmental Impact 247
Environmental Conditions and Crises 248
Environmental Outlook 249
13. Russia 250
Economic Background 250
Primary Energy 250
Coal Sector 251
Coal Industry Restructuring 252
Coal Quality 253
Coal Reserves 253
Geographical Distribution of Coal Reserves and Mines in Russia 254
Coal Producers 254
Mine Safety 260
Power Generation 260
Transport 261
Ports 261
Environmental Impact 263
Outlook for Coal 263
14. India 264
Economic Background 264
Primary Energy 264
Coal Sector 264
Coal Quality 269
Reserves and Geographical Distribution of Mines and Coalfields 270
Coal Producers 272
Major Coal Producers in India 273
Coal India Ltd 273
Bharat Coking Coal Ltd. (Bihar) 275
South-Eastern Coalfields Ltd. (Madhya Pradesh) 275
Central Coalfields Ltd. (Bihar) 275
Mahanadi Coalfields Ltd. (Orissa) 276
Northern Coalfields Ltd., NCL (Madhya Pradesh) 276
Eastern Coalfields Ltd. (West Bengal) 277
Western Coalfields Ltd. (Maharashtra) 277
North-Eastern Coalfields 278
Singareni Collieries Company Ltd 278
Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd 279
Tata Iron Steel Company Ltd 279
Power Industry 279
The Coke Industry 281
Secondary steel sector 281
Foundries, Chemical Units and Ferro-alloy Operations 282
Integrated Steel Plants 282
Secondary Steel Sector – Pig-iron Plants 282
Cement Industry 282
Liberalisation of the Coal Market 282
Imports 283
Exports 283
Transport 283
Water Transport 284
Ports 284
Environmental Impact 285
15. Canada 286
Economic Background 286
Primary Energy 286
Coal Sector 287
Coal Quality 290
Coal Reserves 290
Geographical Distribution of Coal Reserves and Mines 290
Tar Sands 292
Coal Producers 292
Coal Mines 294
Power Generation 295
Transport 297
Environmental Impact 297
Air Pollution 298
Energy Use and Carbon Emissions 298
Renewable Energy 298
Outlook 298
16. Indonesia 300
Economic Background 300
Primary Energy 300
The Coal Sector 301
Coal Quality 304
Coal Reserves 304
Geographical Distribution of Coal Reserves and Mines in Indonesia 304
Coal Producers 305
Power Generation 308
Exports 309
Environmental Impact 311
17. United Kingdom 312
Economic Background 312
Primary Energy 312
Coal Sector 313
Coal Reserves 315
Coal Production 316
Power Generation 319
Future of Coal Power Generation 320
Transport 321
Environmental Impact 321
The Future of Coal 322
Methane 323
18. Colombia 327
Economic Background 327
Primary Energy 327
Coal Sector 327
Exports 329
Coal Quality 329
Coal Reserves 330
Coal Producers 331
Power Generation 332
Outlook 332
19. Venezuela 335
Economic Background 335
Primary Energy 335
Coal Sector 335
Coal Quality 337
Geographical Distribution of Coal Reserves and Mines 337
Coal Producers 338
Orimulsion 339
Infrastructure 339
20. Notes and Sources 341
Technical Notes 341
21. Statistics 342
22. Appendix 351
The Greenhouse Effect and Global Climate Change 351
Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks 351
Water Vapour 352
Carbon Dioxide 352
Methane 352
Nitrous Oxide 352
Halocarbons and Other Gases (CFCs) 353
HFCs 353
PFCs 353
‘Kyoto gases’ (HFC, PFC, and SF6) 354
Other Important Radiative Gases 354
Relative Forcing Effects of Various Gases 354
The Kyoto Protocol 355
Differentiated Targets 355
Commitment Period 355
Six Gases 355
Demonstrable Progress 356
Land Use and Forestry 356
Flexibility Mechanisms 356
Emissions Trading 356
Joint Implementation 356
Joint Fulfillment 356
Clean Development Mechanism 356
Entry into Force 356
23. Sources 357

Tables

Table 2-1: The biggest coal producers, Mt
Table 3-1: Qualities of Steam Coal Traded on the World Market
Table 3-2: Qualities of Coking Coal Traded on the World Market
Table 3-3: Major Coal Producers and Heat Value per t
Table 4-1: Development of FOB Prices in US $ per tonne in Important Supplier Countries
Table 4-2: Largest Steel Makers in the World, Production, Mt, 2009
Table 5-1: Capacities of the Bulk Carrier Fleet Forecast Based on Order Books and Delivery Dates
Table 6-1: Thermal Efficiency of Different Generation Technologies
Table 6-2: CO2 capture in power plants
Table 6-3: Phase II Large-scale Industrial Carbon Capture and Storage Selections for ARRA funding
Table 6-4: Clean Coal Power Initiative Round III projects
Table 6-5: North American Storage Potential, Giga Tons
Table 6-6: CCS Projects for coal and general carbon storage
Table 6-7: Status of UGC development worldwide
Table 6-8: Coal mine methane projects at various stages of development registered on the Globalmethane.org
Table 7-1: Top 22 CO2 Emitting Countries, Mt of CO2 Emitted, 2008
Table 8-1: Coal market in China
Table 8-2: Mining consolidation targets in Shanxi
Table 8-3: Status of coal reserves at Shenhua’s mines, Mt, 2009
Table 8-4: Breakdown of CSES’s coal production by mine, Mt, 2009
Table 8-5: Chinese companies with an export licence by weight, Mt
Table 8-6: Coking coal imports and their source
Table 8-7: China Coal Imports by source, Mt
Table 8-8: Bilateral Coal Trade between China and Other Countries, Mt
Table 8-9: Export Coal Shipments in China, Mt, 2008 to 2009
Table 8-10: China Coal Imports by Province, Mt, 2009
Table 9-1: Recent and proposed environmental developments affecting the coal industry
Table 9-2: Bilateral Coal Trade between the USA and Other Countries, Mt
Table 9-3: Major US underground coal mines, million short tons, 2009
Table 9-4: Major US surface coal mines, million short tons, 2009
Table 9-5: Major US multi-mine production complexes, million short tons, 2009
Table 9-6: Major Coal Company Asset Acquisitions, Sales and Other Activities in the US in 2009 and 2010
Table 9-7: Major US coal producers by production in Million short tons, 2009
Table 9-8: Peabody Energy Corporation’s coal mines
Table 9-9: Arch Coal’s active mines, end 2009
Table 9-10: Cloud Peak Energy’s coal mines
Table 9-11: Cloud Peak Energy’s coal commitments, 2010 – 2014, Mt or US $
Table 9-12: Alpha Natural Resources’ organic growth opportunities
Table 9-13: CONSOL’s coal commitments, 2010 – 2014, Mt or US $
Table: 9-14 CONSOL Energy’s mines
Table 9-15: North American Coal Corporation’s active mines
Table 9-16: Kiewit Mining Group’s coal mines
Table 9-17: Alliance Resource Partner’s coal mines and transfer terminals
Table 9-18: Westmoreland Coal Company’s mines in operation
Table 9-19: Westmoreland power plants
Table 9-20: US Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Mine Type, 2009, 2008, thousand short tons
Table 9-21: Average cost of natural gas delivered to electric generating plants, US $ per
Table 9-22: Non-coal electricity mix in the US and change in generation, %
Table 9-23: Coal-fired power plants commissioned in the US in 2009
Table 9-24: Utilisation of Port Capacity in the US, Mt
Table 10-1: Production by Mining Method and State, Mt, 2008 and 2009
Table 10-2: Australia’s Black Coal Exports by Region, Mt, 2008-9
Table 10-3: The energy content of solid fuels in Australia
Table 10-4: Identified insitu resources of black coal, Australia
Table 10-5: Recoverable economic demonstrated resources (EDR) black coal reserves by basin, end 2008
Table 10-6: Coal projects under construction or committed in Australia
Table 10-7: Prices of coal produced by Anglo American, US $ per tonne, 2009
Table 10-8: Mines owned by BHP Billiton
Table 10-9: BHP Billiton Mine Production
Table 10-10: Coal mining operations fully or partly owned by Rio Tinto
Table 10-11: Rio Tinto’s coal mines
Table 10-12: Xstrata’s coal mines in operation, 2009
Table 10-13: Coal-fired power plants in operation in Australia, 2008
Table 10-14: Coal-fired power plants proposed in Australia, 2008
Table 10-15: Australian Port Expansion Plans, Mt
Table 10-16: Port Capacity and Export Loadings, 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 (Mt)
Table 11-1: Consumption of Coal by the Domestic Market in South Africa, Mt
Table 11-2: Status of Eskom’s coal-fired power projects as of April 2009
Table 11-3: Major Producers in South Africa 2009
Table 11-4: Anglo Operations’ coal assets
Table 11-5: Anglo Operations’ coal mining projects in the pipeline
Table 11-6: Exarro coal mines
Table 11-7: Companies and their export capacity at the Richards Bay Coal Terminal, 2010
Table 11-8: Exports through South African Ports
Table 12-1: Coke production capacity projections for Poland
Table 12-2: Aid for Polish Coal Mining According to Council Regulation 1407/2002, € millions
Table 12-3: Largest Hard Coal Producers in Poland, Mt
Table 13-1: Major Coal Producers in Russia, Mt
Table 13-2: Production Output from SUEK’s mining regions, 2009
Table 13-3: Recent developments in the Russian coal mining sector
Table 13-4: Bilateral Coal Trade between Russia and Other Countries, Mt
Table 13-5: Shipments at Russian Ports
Table 14-1: Projects sanctioned in India under delegated power in the 2008/2009 tax year
Table 14-2: Estimated Coal Resources in India as of April 2009, Mt
Table 14-3: Estimated Types of Coal Resources in india as of April 2009, Mt
Table 14-4: Central Coalfields’ projects in the pipeline
Table 14-5: Details of NCL production included in the tenth plan
Table 14-6: Production output from Western Coalfields from 2000 – 2001, Mt
Table 14-7: Neyveli Lignite Corporation’s projects in the pipeline
Table 14-8: Indian anti-dumping taxes on imports of Chinese coke, US $ per tonne
Table 15-1: Canadian coal mine projects mentioned in the Major Projects Management Office’s project list
Table 15-2: Canadian coal mines in operation, 2009
Table 15-3: Coal-fired power plants in operation in Canada, April 2010
Table 15-4: Canadian Port Handling Capacities 2009, Mt per annum
Table 16-1: Indonesian mines in operation in 2009
Table 16-2: The largest hard coal producers in Indonesia
Table 16-3: Structure of Indonesia’s export capacity, Mt per annum, 2009
Table 16-4: Port throughput in Indonesia, Mt
Table 17-1: UK coal mines in operation or under development, 2009
Table 17-2: Installed FGD capacity in the UK
Table 17-3: Coal-fired power plants in operation in the UK, May 2010
Table 17-4: Details of opencast coal mines granted planning permission in Great Britain during 2009
Table 17-5: Coal Mine Methane Operators’ Activities in the UK
Table 17-6: Benefits of exploiting coalbed methane and coal mine methane in the UK
Table 18-1: Exports from Colombian by Company
Table 18-2: Colombian Port Capacity, Mt
Table 18-3: Major mines in operation in Colombia
Table 18-4: Port infrastructure projects under development in Colombia
Table 19-1: Main coal producers in Venezuela, Mt
Table 19-2: Exports of Coal from Venezuelan Ports
Table 21-1: The Global Coal Leaders Reserves, production, imports, exports, consumption, Mt, 2009
Table 21-2: Coal Reserves, Mt, 2009
Table 21-3: Coal Production, Mt, 1981 to 2009
Table 21-4: Coal Consumption, million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe), 1980 to 2009

Figures

Figure 2-1: Primary Energy Consumption by Fuel, Mtoe, 1965 to 2009
Figure 2-2: World Coal Production, Million Tonnes (Mt) of Coal, 1981 to 2009
Figure 2-3: World Coal Demand, Million Tonnes of Oil Equivalent (Mtoe), 1965 to 2009
Figure 2-4: Coal Demand by Country, Mtoe, 1965 to 2009
Figure 2-5: Coal Consumption in the Major Markets, Mtoe 2000 to 2009
Figure 2-6: Expected growth in global coal demand, Mt, 2007 – 2030
Figure 2-7: Hard Coking Coal Demand Growth Index, 2005 base year
Figure 2-8: Coal Production and Consumption by major producers and exporters, 2009, Mtoe
Figure 2-9: Estimates major Hard Coal Exporters and Importers (Mt of coal) 2009
Figure 2-10: Project and actual installed power capacity worldwide by fuel type, GW, 1990 – 2020
Figure 2-11: Number of years when fuel led annual growth
Figure: 2-12 New global coal power plant generation, GW and Mt, 2010
Figure 2-13: Global coal power plant build-out and coal demand, GW and Mt, 2009 – 2014
Figure 2-14: Electricity generation in China and India, TWh, 2006 – 2030
Figure 2-15: Proven Coal Reserves, Bt, end 2009
Figure 2-16: Top twelve countries in terms of coal reserves, Mt, 2009
Figure 3-1: Coal Types
Figure 3-2: Schematic of Coal Rank
Figure 3-3: The Uses of Coal
Figure 4-1: Regional Distribution of Coal Production, Mt
Figure 4-2: World Coal Production by Principal Producing Countries, Mt
Figure 4-3: Global hard coal and brown coal/lignite production, Mt, 2002 to 2009
Figure 4-4: World Steam and Coking Coal Trade, Mt, 1978 to 2009
Figure 4-5: Development of Steam Coal and Coking Coal Trade, Seaborne and Land, Mt, 1975 to 2009
Figure 4-6: Global Flows of Coal Seaborne Trade, Mt, 2009
Figure 4-7: Seaborne trade thermal coal in the Atlantic and Asia Pacific region, Mt, Q1 2009 and Q1 2010
Figure 4-8: Seaborne trade of coking coal, Mt, Q1 2009 and Q1 2010
Figure 4-9: Trends in seaborne trading patterns
Figure 4-10: Projected seaborne coal demand, Mt, 1990 – 2025
Figure 4-11: Seaborne metallurgic coal supply outlook
Figure 4-12: Selected coal prices, 1987 – 2009, US $ per tonne
Figure 4-13: Average steam coal prices over the past twelve months in the EU, US $ per tonne
Figure 4-14: Price projections coal in the European market, US $ per tonne, 2005 – 2012
Figure 4-15: Thermal Coal Prices, US $ per ton
Figure 4-16: Chinese FOB Coking Coal Prices, US $ per tonne
Figure 4-17: Oil, gas and coal prices in the US, US $ per mmBt, 1995 – 2010
Figure 4-18: Steel production, Mt, 1990 – 2009
Figure 4-19: Steel Consumption per Capita versus Output per Capita
Figure 4-20: Global Steel Production, Mt, and Metallurgic Coal Pricing, US $ per tonne, from 2000
Figure 5-1: Hard Coal (Steam Coal and Coking Coal) Trade, Mt, 2009
Figure 5-2: Sea Freight Rates for Hard Coal, 2002 to 2010, US $ per tonne
Figure 5-3: Monthly Sea Freight Rates for Hard Coal, Jan 2009 to Jun 2010, US $ per tonne
Figure 5-4: New build tanker prices, US $ million
Figure 5-5: New build and 5-year Asset Values, US $ million, 2000 – 2010
Figure 5-6: Baltic Dry Index 2000 to November 2010
Figure 6-1: Coal-fired Power Plant Efficiencies
Figure 6-2: Status of gasification worldwide
Figure 6-3: Geological storage options for CO2
Figure 6-4: Global action on carbon capture and storage (CCS)
Figure 6-5: 2020 CO2 avoidance costs for power generation technologies from a macroeconomic perspective in € per tonne of CO2
Figure 6-6: Comparison of the global status of CCS projects and proposed ideal portfolio of CCS options, 2009
Figure 6-7: Spending on CCS
Figure 6-8: COAL21 National Action Plan phases and impact of COAL21 measures on emissions
Figure 6-9: CCS projects in Australia at various stages of development
Figure 6-10: National Atlas of Projected Adequate CO2 Storage Sites
Figure 6-11: Current CO2 Capture Projects
Figure 6-12: The Clean Coal Technology (CCT) Path of Development
Figure 6-13: Schematic of UCG Extraction
Figure 6-14: Coal strata and sites where provisional UCG licences have been awarded
Figure 7-1: Top Eight Carbon Emission Countries, Mt of CO2, 1980 to 2008
Figure 7-2: Top Eight Carbon Emission from Coal Countries, Mt of CO2, 2008
Figure 7-3: Global Distribution of Carbon Emissions. Difference between Targeted and Projected Emissions 2010 (Mt of CO2 equivalents)
Figure 7-4: Carbon Emission of EU-27 countries, Mt, 2008
Figure 8-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in China, Million Tonnes Oil Equivalent (Mtoe), 1965 to 2009
Figure 8-2: Coal Production and Consumption in China, 1965 to 2009
Figure 8-3: CR China Thermal Coal Price Index and Forecast Range
Figure 8-4: Coal Reserves, Coalfields and Ports of Shipment in China
Figure 8-5: Domestic thermal coal trade flow in China
Figure 8-6: Breakdown of Production by Mine Type in China, 2009
Figure 8-7: Gasification potential in China
Figure 8-8: CSEC’s average coal sales price, RMB per tonne, 2005 – 2009
Figure 8-9: Global steel production
Figure 8-10: Project and actual installed power capacity in China by fuel type, GW, 1990 – 2020
Figure 8-11: Coal-fired Power Generation Capacity under Construction by Country (GW), 2009
Figure 8-12: Forecast of Unit Coal Consumption and Total Coal Demand for Power Generation
Figure 8-13: Imports into China, Mt, from 2002
Figure 8-14: Imported Coal Prices in China, US $ per tonne, 2005 – April 2010
Figure 8-15: QHD Coal Ceiling Price Relative to Coal Stock, yuan per tonne
Figure 8-16: China’s Coal Consumption Forecast, Mt, 2009 – 2015
Figure 8-17: Schematic of China’s major coal transportation infrastructure
Figure 8-18: Dry bulk freight rates from FOB ports to Guangzhou (GZO) port in ChinaCoalArb, US $ per ton, 2007 – 2010
Figure 9-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in the US, Mtoe, 1965 to 2010
Figure 9-2: Coal Production and Consumption in the US, 1965 to 2009
Figure 9-3: US historical average weekly coal commodity spot prices, US $ per ton, November 2007 – 2010
Figure 9-4: Key costs for the US, US $ per ton, 2002 – 2009
Figure 9-5: US imports and exports of coal, thousand tons, 1949 – 2009
Figure 9-6: Cost of imports and exports of US coal, US $ per ton
Figure 9-7: The Coal Reserves, Coalfields and Ports of Shipments in the US
Figure 9-8: Top ten owners of coal reserves in the US, million tons, 2008 and 2009
Figure 9-9: Coal production east and west of the Mississippi river, million tons, 1949 – 2009
Figure 9-10: Central Appalachian coal production in secular decline
Figure 9-11: Underground and surface coal mining production, million tons, 1949 – 2009
Figure 9-12: Costs of coal by mine type and mine production range in thousand tons, US $ per ton, 2009
Figure 9-13: Top five owners of large underground and surface coal mines, million short tons, 2009
Figure 9-14: Peabody’s pipeline in China
Figure 9-15: Long-Term International Coal Demand
Figure 9-16: History of Alpha Natural Resources
Figure 9-17: Alpha Natural Resources’ business unit and mine locations, December 2009
Figure 9-18: Alpha Natural Resources’ announced acquisitions targets
Figure 9-19: CONSOL Energy’s coal seams
Figure 9-20: Alliance Resource Partners’ coal mines and projects
Figure 9-21: Location of US coal-fired power plants under construction
Figure 9-22: Project and actual installed power capacity in the US by fuel type, GW, 1990 – 2020
Figure: 9-23 Projected Eastern US Installed Scrubber Capacity, million tons
Figure 9-24: Development of US seaborne imports and exports, Mt, 2002 – 2009
Figure 10-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in Australia, Million Tonnes Oil Equivalent
(Mtoe), 1965 to 2009
Figure 10-2: Coal Production and Consumption in Australia 1965 to 2009
Figure 10-3: Australia’s total recoverable resources of black and brown coal at December 2008
Figure 10-4: Coal Reserves, Coalfields and Ports of Shipment in Australia
Figure 10-5: Seaborne Thermal Coal Supply Curve, Major Suppliers, 2009
Figure 10-6: Index of real world energy prices, 2007 – 2008
Figure 10-7: Advanced mineral and energy projects, April 2010
Figure 10-8: Prices for Australian thermal coal, US $ per ounze
Figure 10-9: Prices for Australian metallurgic coal, US $ per ounze
Figure 10-10: Global mining and metals industry, 2010
Figure 10-11: Project and actual installed power capacity in Australia by fuel type, GW, 1990 to 2020
Figure 10-12: Capesize Freight Rates to ARA, AUS $ per tonne
Figure 11-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in South Africa, Mtoe, 1965 to 2009
Figure 11-2: Average coal prices in South Africa, R per tonne, 2002 – 2009
Figure 11-3: Coal Production and Consumption in South Africa, 1965 to 2009
Figure 11-4: Project and actual installed power capacity in South Africa by fuel type, GW, 1990 – 2020
Figure 11-5: Coal Reserves, Coalfields and Ports of Shipment in South Africa
Figure 11-5: Coal Potential in South Africa
Figure 12-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in Poland, Mtoe, 1965 to 2009
Figure 12-2: Coal Production and Consumption in Poland, 1965 to 2009
Figure 12-3: The right basis, continuous power plant modernisation or renewal
Figure 12-4: Projected EU energy import dependence
Figure 12-5: The Coal Reserves, Coalfields and Ports of Shipment in Poland
Figure 12-6: Project and actual installed power capacity in Poland by fuel type, GW, 1990 – 2020
Figure 13-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in Russia, Million Tonnes of Oil Equivalent(Mtoe) 1965 to 2009
Figure 13-2: Coal Production and Consumption in Russia, 1965 to 2009
Figure 13-3: Coal Reserves, Coalfields and Ports of Shipment in Russia
Figure 13-4: Coal Production Breakdown in Russia, 2009
Figure 13-5: Breakdown of Coal Exports in Russia, 2009
Figure 13-6: Project and actual installed power capacity in Russia by fuel type, GW, 1990 – 2020
Figure 14-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in India, Million Tonnes of Oil Equivalent (Mtoe)
1965 to 2009
Figure 14-2: Coal Production and Consumption in India, 1965 to 2009
Figure 14-3: Major Coalfields and Mining Centres in India
Figure 14-4: Coal Production by Coal India, Mt, fiscal year 2006 to 2010
Figure 14-5: Coal production from Western Coalfields’ coal mines by mine type, thousand tonnes
Figure 14-6: Project and actual installed power capacity in India by fuel type, GW, 1990 – 2020
Figure 14-7: Coal-fired power plants in India, 2009 – 2010 fiscal year
Figure 15-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in Canada, 1965 to 2009
Figure 15-2: Coal Production and Consumption in Canada, 1965 to 2009
Figure 15-3: Total exports and imports of coal by country for Canada, US $ million, 2009
Figure 15-4: Gross Domestic Product of the Canadian Coal Mining and Mineral Manufacturing Industry, US $ million, 2000 – 2009
Figure 15-5: The Coal Reserves, Coalfields and Ports of Shipment in Canada
Figure 15-6: Canadian Energy Sources
Figure 15-7: Project and actual installed power capacity in Canada by fuel type, GW, 1990 – 2020
Figure 16-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in Indonesia, Mtoe, 1965 to 2009
Figure 16-2: Coal Production and Consumption in Indonesia, 1965 to 2009
Figure 16-3: The Coal Reserves, Coalfields and Ports of Shipment in Indonesia
Figure 16-4: Bumi Resource’s ownership structure
Figure 16-5: Adaro’s coal pit to port integration
Figure 16-6: Market for Environmental Coal ‘Envirocoal’
Figure 16-7: Project and actual installed power capacity in Indonesia by fuel type, GW, 1990 to 2020
Figure 17-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in the UK, million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe) 1965 to 2009
Figure 17-2: Coal Production and Consumption in the UK, 1965 to 2009
Figure 17-3: Imports and exports of coal for the UK, thousand tons, 1970 to 2009
Figure 17-4: Reserves of Coal Available for Exploitation by Underground Coal Gasification (UCG)
Figure 17-5: Production of coal from deep-mined and open cast mines in the UK, million tonnes, 1970 to 2009
Figure 17-6: Deep and open cast mines in operation in the UK, fiscal 1974 to 2009
Figure 17-7: Project and actual installed power capacity in the UK by fuel type, GW, 1990 to 2020
Figure 17-8: Options for methane extraction in the UK
Figure 18-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in Colombia, Million Tonnes of Oil Equivalent (Mtoe), 1965 to 2009
Figure 18-2: Coal Production and Consumption in Colombia, 1965 to 2006
Figure 18-3: The Coal Reserves, Coalfields and Ports of Shipment in Colombia
Figure 18-4: Project and actual installed power capacity in Colombia by fuel type, GW, 1990 to 2020
Figure 18-5: Central Railroad planned in Colombia
Figure 18-6: Central Railroad planned in Colombia
Figure 19-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in Venezuela, Mtoe, 1965 to 2009
Figure 19-2: Project and actual installed power capacity in Venezuela by fuel type, GW, 1990 to 2020
Figure 19-3: Coal Production and Consumption in Venezuela, 1965 to 2009
Figure 19-4: The Coal Reserves, Coalfields and Ports of Shipment in Venezuela




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