This NRG Expert report contains an overview of the global market for renewable energy, and covers the technology, companies, public demand and future prospects, with an analysis of each energy sector. This allows for an examination of the effects of the recession on the global renewable industry given its unique position. It provides interesting insight into how a market sector will continue to grow in times of recession given sufficient government and public interest.
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- 1. Overview of Renewable Energy 26
- Renewable energy in world primary energy supply 26
- TPES – Total Primary Energy Supply 26
- Annual growth of primary energy sources 27
- TFEC – Total final energy consumption 28
- Secondary energy, Bioenergy power generation 30
- Types of renewable energy 31
- Hydro power 31
- Wind power 33
- Solar photovoltaic energy 34
- Solar thermal energy 35
- Solar thermal heat for water and buildings 35
- Solar thermal cooling 36
- Solar thermal power generation 36
- Biomass energy 37
- Biofuels 39
- Geothermal energy 40
- Ocean energy conversion 42
- Distributed generation 43
- Renewable energy issues 44
- Advantages and disadvantages of renewable forms of energy 47
- 2. Hydropower 49
- Overview of hydropower 49
- Technologies 49
- Large hydropower (LHP) 50
- Small hydropower (SHP) 50
- Development of SHP in Europe 51
- Turbine technologies for small-, mid- and large-scale hydro plants 52
- Pelton Turbine 52
- Francis Turbine 52
- Bulb Turbine 52
- Propeller or Kaplan Turbine 53
- Security of supply 53
- Environmental concerns 53
- The potential size of the hydroelectric market 54
- The hydro electricity market 54
- Europe 58
- SHP electricity prices 60
- SHP investment costs 60
- Albania 61
- Austria 61
- Belgium 61
- Bosnia & Herzegovina 61
- Bulgaria 61
- Croatia 62
- Czech Republic 62
- Denmark 62
- Finland 62
- France 62
- Germany 63
- Greece 63
- Hungary 64
- Iceland 64
- Ireland 64
- Italy 64
- Latvia 65
- Lithuania 65
- Luxembourg 65
- Macedonia 65
- Netherlands 66
- Norway 66
- Poland 66
- Portugal 66
- Romania 67
- Serbia 67
- Slovakia 67
- Slovenia 68
- Spain 68
- Sweden 68
- Switzerland 68
- Turkey 69
- United Kingdom 69
- CIS 70
- Armenia 71
- Azerbaijan 72
- Georgia 72
- Kazakhstan 72
- Kyrgyzstan 72
- Moldova 72
- Russia 73
- Tajikistan 73
- Turkmenistan 73
- Ukraine 73
- Uzbekistan 74
- North America 74
- Canada 74
- United States 76
- Mexico 77
- LAC, Latin America and Caribbean 78
- Argentina 80
- Bolivia 80
- Brazil 80
- Chile 81
- Colombia 82
- Costa Rica 82
- Dominican Republic 82
- Ecuador 82
- El Salvador 83
- Guatamala 83
- Honduras 83
- Nicaragua 83
- Panama 83
- Paraguay 83
- Peru 83
- Puerto Rico 84
- Surinam 84
- Uruguay 84
- Venezuela 84
- Asia Pacific 85
- Afghanistan 87
- Bangladesh 87
- Bhutan 87
- China 87
- Large hydropower 88
- Additional large hydro developments in China 88
- Small hydropower 89
- The current status of SHP in China 89
- SHP practice and experience in China 89
- Decentralised development and management mechanism focusing on local stakeholders 89
- Policy stimulates development 89
- Funding sources 90
- Close relationship with rural electrification programme 90
- Emphasis on cost-effective SHP technology 90
- Local grid development and SHP own supply area 90
- Size matters 90
- Tibet (Xizang) 91
- Known ownership 91
- New hydropower plant development in China 91
- Hong Kong 92
- India 92
- Indonesia 95
- Laos 95
- Malaysia 95
- Myanmar 96
- Nepal 96
- Korea, North 97
- Korea, South 97
- Pakistan 97
- Papua New Guinea 98
- Philippines 98
- Sri Lanka 98
- Thailand 98
- Vietnam 99
- Industrialised Asia Pacific 99
- Australia 99
- Japan 100
- New Zealand 100
- Taiwan 101
- Africa 101
- Angola 103
- Cameroon 103
- Congo DR 103
- Ethiopia 104
- Ghana 104
- Kenya 104
- Mali 105
- Mozambique 105
- Nigeria 105
- South Africa 105
- Sudan 105
- Tanzania 105
- Uganda 105
- Zambia 105
- Middle East 106
- 3. Wind Power 107
- Overview of wind power 107
- Wind power development in 2009 107
- Outlook to 2012 107
- The leading wind power countries in 2009 108
- Long term outlook: 2020 110
- Europe 110
- North America 111
- Latin America 111
- Asia 111
- Pacific 111
- Africa and Middle East 112
- Factors affecting wind power 116
- Grid balancing 117
- Grid extension 117
- Storage 117
- Capacity credit 118
- Mis-match of supply and demand 118
- Load following 118
- Dispersion 118
- Inadequacy of weather forecasting 118
- Spinning reserve/back-up 118
- Wake effects 118
- The operational experiences of wind power 119
- E.On Netz Wind Report, 2004 119
- Grid balancing 119
- Grid balancing congestion 119
- E.On Netz Wind Report, 2005 119
- E.On conclusions about wind power 119
- Western Denmark 2005 120
- ESB report in Ireland 2004 121
- USA experience 121
- Spain 121
- Reduction in carbon emissions 122
- Contribution and target of renewables in reducing carbon emissions 122
- ENTSO-E 122
- Rare Earth Metals 123
- United States 124
- The start of wind power 124
- Market size and forecast 125
- Offshore 126
- Manufacturers 127
- Developers 127
- China 128
- Installed wind capacity 128
- Future targets 130
- Wind resources 130
- Barriers to growth 130
- Offshore wind power 130
- Wind turbine size 131
- Chinese manufacturing capability 131
- Xinjiang Goldwind Co 132
- Sinovel Wind Co. 133
- Dongfang Electric Group 133
- Germany 133
- Market size and forecast 133
- Market share in Germany 134
- Repowering trend 134
- Offshore 135
- Wind turbine size 137
- Regional distribution of wind turbines 138
- Spain 139
- Future targets for wind power in Spain 140
- Manufacturing industry 140
- Wind developers 141
- India 142
- Market size and forecast 142
- Future targets 145
- Wind energy resources in India 145
- Government support 146
- 2009 developments 147
- 2010 developments 147
- Renewable Portfolio Standard 147
- MNES – Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources 147
- IREDA – Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Ltd 147
- State incentives 147
- Manufacturing base 148
- Suzlon 148
- National wind power markets and support plans; Intermediate countries – Europe 149
- Austria 149
- Denmark 150
- France 152
- Greece 153
- Ireland 154
- Italy 156
- Netherlands 157
- Norway 158
- Poland 159
- Portugal 161
- Sweden 161
- Turkey 163
- United Kingdom 163
- National wind power markets and support plans Intermediate countries – Asia Pacific 166
- Australia 166
- Japan 167
- Korea, South 169
- Ship builders 171
- Taiwan 172
- National wind power markets and support plans Intermediate countries – Africa 174
- Egypt 174
- Morocco 175
- National wind power markets and support plans Intermediate countries – Americas 177
- Brazil 177
- Canada 179
- Wind farm developers and owners 181
- Development of wind turbine size 184
- Offshore wind power – the new frontier 186
- Operating offshore wind farms 186
- 4. Solar PV 194
- Silicon feedstock 195
- Country Profiles 196
- Germany 196
- Spain 197
- Japan 198
- United States 199
- China 201
- India 202
- Other country profiles 204
- Europe 204
- Asia Pacific 207
- North America 208
- Africa 209
- Technical background 209
- Solar energy 209
- Solar photovoltaics 209
- Solar cell materials 210
- Conditions of use 210
- Isolated generation 211
- PV and the environment 212
- Applications of Solar PV Technology 212
- Manufacturing 215
- Production capacity, MW 216
- Future projections 220
- Government and industry support programmes 222
- United States – Federal incentives 223
- Japan 225
- Europe – targets 226
- Prices 226
- Forecasting a new technology 229
- 5. Solar Thermal Energy 230
- Solar Thermal Power Generation Technology 230
- Concentrators and Receivers 230
- Parabolic Trough 230
- Mechanical Tracking 232
- Fresnel Principle Solar Collectors 233
- Parabolic Dish Systems 233
- Central Receiver Systems – Solar Tower 234
- Solar Chimney Power Plants 236
- Rooftop installations 237
- Solar thermal hydrogen production 241
- Power Conversion System 241
- Rankine-Cycle Systems 241
- ISCC, Integrated Solar Combined Cycle Systems 242
- Peak thermal-to-electric efficiency can exceed 70% for an ISCC plant compared to 50-55% for a conventional gas-fired combined cycle plant. 242
- TES Thermal Energy Storage 243
- Types of storage 245
- Development of TES for CSP 249
- Current Status of Solar Thermal Electricity Generation – 2009 250
- Solar thermal projects by country 252
- Spain 252
- United States 252
- Solar thermal projects in operation, under construction or approved for construction 253
- Algeria 253
- Australia 253
- China 254
- Denmark 254
- Egypt 254
- Germany 254
- India 255
- Iran 255
- Israel 256
- Jordan 256
- Mexico 256
- Morocco 256
- United Arab Emirates 257
- Costs of STP Solar Thermal Power 257
- Commercialisation World Bank 259
- Sargent and Lundy Study 260
- 6. Biomass 263
- Overview of biomass energy conversion 263
- TFEC – Total Final Energy Consumption 265
- Usage patterns by region 266
- The Fuel Ladder 268
- Rural usage 268
- Urban usage 268
- Bioenergy power generation 270
- Benefits and constraints of bioenergy 272
- Factors encouraging the development of biomass energy 273
- Biomass resources 274
- Agricultural crops 275
- Agricultural residues 275
- Sugar industry wastes (Bagasse) 275
- Forestry crops 275
- Forestry residues 276
- Cereal straw 276
- Energy cropping 276
- Black liquor 277
- Animal waste 277
- Sewage 277
- Industrial waste 277
- Municipal solid waste (MSW) 277
- Biomass conversion technologies 277
- Direct use 278
- Transformation 279
- Technology developments 282
- Biomass electricity and heat 282
- Biomass heat 283
- Future primary biomass energy production and consumption 288
- Biomass markets by technology per application 291
- Biomass heat 291
- Europe 294
- Technology for biomass heat 294
- Domestic heat production 296
- Larger scale use of biomass fuel for heating 297
- District heating 297
- Industrial use of biomass electricity and heat 297
- European competitiveness 297
- Market characteristics 298
- Infrastructure constraints 298
- USA 298
- Rest of world 298
- Biogas 298
- Biogas in the developing world 300
- MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) 302
- Technology 302
- Waste reduction 303
- Environmental issues 303
- Recession 304
- Global picture 304
- Manufacture and competition 320
- Future prospects 320
- Landfill gas 320
- Environment 321
- Technology 321
- Landfill gas market 322
- Market problems 327
- Future prospects for landfill gas 328
- Biopower 328
- Technology 330
- Regional development 331
- 7. Biofuels 349
- First generation biofuels 352
- Ethanol (Bioethanol) 352
- Biodiesel 354
- Energy Crops and others 355
- Next generation 358
- Cellulosic biofuels (lignocellulosic biofuels) 358
- Algae 359
- Environmental Impact 361
- Market 364
- Biofuel production 365
- Europe 368
- USA 377
- Argentina 381
- Brazil 382
- Indonesia 386
- Malaysia 387
- Aviation sector 387
- Air force and the military 389
- Oil & Gas Involvement 389
- 8. Geothermal Energy 390
- Overview of geothermal energy 390
- Overview of geothermal energy capacity and utilisation 391
- Geothermal direct use 391
- Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) 397
- Geothermal electricity generation 399
- Technical background 404
- Dry steam 404
- Binary cycle 405
- Hot dry rock/enhanced geothermal systems (HDR) 406
- Location of resources 406
- Geothermal energy efficiency 407
- Geothermal generation costs 408
- North America 409
- United States 409
- Canada 416
- Mexico 417
- Asia Pacific 420
- Australia 420
- Indonesia 421
- Japan 431
- Philippines 435
- China 443
- New Zealand 448
- Latin America 454
- Costa Rica 454
- El Salvador 456
- Nicaragua 458
- Europe 461
- France 461
- Germany 462
- Iceland 464
- Italy 467
- Africa 470
- Kenya 470
- 9. Ocean Energy Conversion 473
- Overview of ocean energy conversion 473
- Tidal Energy 476
- Technical concepts for exploiting Tidal Energy – Tidal Barrages 477
- Secondary water storage 478
- Current Development of Tidal Barrage Schemes 478
- Technical status and experience from operating systems 480
- Tidal barrage plant under construction 481
- Experimental and proposed tidal barrages 482
- Economic considerations 484
- Environmental aspects 485
- Wave Energy 485
- Wave energy technology 486
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) 507
- Markets for OTEC 509
- Additional benefits of OTEC technology – DOWA 510
- Status of Marine Current technology 511
- Salinity Gradients 515
- Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) 516
- Vapour compression 516
- Reverse dialysis (RED) 516
- Demonstration and commercialisation of salinity gradient power 516
- 10. Distributed Generation 517
- 11. National Policies for Renewable Energy 519
- Renewable energy targets 519
- Feed-in tariffs and RPS 520
- EU and feed-in tariffs 590
- US and RPS 590
- The feed-in tariff in Europe 590
- The evolution of RPS Policy in the United States 592
- Comparison of feed-in tariffs and RPS 593
- Europe – the EU Renewable Energy Directive 593
- Investor confidence, price, and policy cost 594
- Effectiveness 594
- Innovation and technology diversity 594
- Ownership structure 594
- Conclusion 594
- Feed-in tariffs in the United States 595
Price: £995
Prod. Code: NRGRER1
>> Download the Renewable Energy & the Global Recession Brochure
>> Go back to the Renewable Energy & the Global Recession overview
