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- 1. Summary 13
- 2. Reserves 15
- Definitions of oil and gas reserves 15
- Deterministic and probabilistic estimation of reserves 16
- Proved reserves 17
- Proved, proved undeveloped reserves 17
- Unproved reserves 17
- Unproved probable reserves 18
- Unproved possible reserves 18
- Comparison of different methods of calculating reserves 19
- Calculations to determine reserve values 20
- The volumetric method 20
- Decline curve analysis 20
- External factors affecting reserves 21
- 3. Supply and demand 25
- Gas Exporting Countries Forum 32
- 4. Unconventional natural gas 33
- 5. Imports and exports 39
- 6. Pipelines and piped gas 44
- North America 44
- Denali pipeline 44
- South and Central America 45
- Europe 46
- Southern Corridor 49
- Nabucco 49
- White Stream 51
- Gazprom pipelines 51
- CIS 54
- Africa 55
- Asia Pacific 56
- Middle East 57
- 7. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) 59
- 8. Compressed natural gas (CNG) and transportation 71
- 9. Natural gas liquids (NGLs) 75
- 10. Natural Gas-to-Liquid (NGL) 78
- 11. Natural gas advantages 79
- 12. Natural gas prices 81
- 13. Long-term demand 87
- 14. Countries 93
- North America 93
- Canada 95
- Mexico 100
- USA 103
- Europe and Eurasia 116
- Europe 119
- Austria 119
- Belgium 121
- Luxembourg 121
- Bulgaria 122
- Croatia 124
- Czech Republic 125
- Denmark 127
- Estonia 130
- Finland 130
- France 131
- Germany 134
- Greece 137
- Hungary 139
- Ireland 140
- Italy 142
- Latvia 144
- Lithuania 145
- Macedonia 147
- Netherlands 147
- Norway 150
- Poland 153
- Portugal 160
- Romania 161
- Serbia 165
- Slovakia 165
- Slovenia 167
- Spain 167
- Sweden 170
- Switzerland 171
- Turkey 173
- United Kingdom 175
- CIS countries 181
- Armenia 181
- Azerbaijan 181
- Belarus 184
- Bosnia & Herzegovina 186
- Georgia 186
- Kazakhstan 186
- Kyrgyzstan 190
- Moldova 191
- Russia 191
- Tajikistan 195
- Turkmenistan 195
- Ukraine 197
- Uzbekistan 200
- Middle East 203
- Bahrain 206
- Iran 207
- Iraq 211
- Israel 214
- Jordan 215
- Kuwait 216
- Lebanon 219
- Oman 219
- Qatar 221
- Saudi Arabia 224
- Syria 226
- United Arab Emirates (UAE) 228
- Yemen 231
- South & Central America 233
- Argentina 234
- Bolivia 238
- Brazil 240
- Chile 243
- Colombia 245
- Dominican Republic 247
- Ecuador 248
- Peru 249
- Puerto Rico 252
- Trinidad & Tobago 252
- Uruguay 256
- Venezuela 256
- Asia Pacific 259
- Australia 261
- Bangladesh 266
- Brunei 268
- China 270
- East Timor 282
- Hong Kong 282
- India 284
- Indonesia 288
- Japan 290
- Malaysia 294
- Myanmar 297
- New Zealand 299
- Pakistan 300
- Papua New Guinea 303
- Philippines 304
- Singapore 306
- South Korea 307
- Taiwan 310
- Thailand 312
- Vietnam 316
- Africa 318
- North Africa 320
- Algeria 320
- Egypt 323
- Libya 325
- Morocco 328
- Tunisia 328
- Sub-Saharan Africa 330
- Equatorial New Guinea 330
- Ghana 331
- Mozambique 331
- Namibia 332
- Nigeria 332
- South Africa 334
- 15. Companies 337
- Four majors 343
- Supermajors 345
- BP 348
- Chevron 353
- ConocoPhillips 357
- ExxonMobil 365
- Shell 371
- Total 379
- Other significant natural gas producing companies 392
- Anadarko Petroleum Corporation 392
- Apache Energy 395
- BG Group 397
- Chesapeake Energy 406
- Devon Energy 412
- Eni 414
- EOG Resources 420
- Occidental Petroleum 423
- Sasol 425
- Statoil 431
- Williams 436
- Two main state controlled, national oil and gas companies 438
- Gazprom 438
- Qatargas 478
- Other state companies 481
- Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) 481
- Egypt General Petroleum Corporation (EGPC) 482
- Egyptian Natural Gas Holding Company (EGAS) 482
- Iraq National Oil Company (INOC) 482
- Kuwait Petroleum Corporation (KPC) 482
- National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) 482
- National Oil Corporation Libya (NOC) 483
- Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) 483
- PetroChina 483
- Petronas 484
- Petróleos de Venezuela (PVDSA) 488
- Saudi Aramco 488
- Sonatrach 489
- Yemen Gas Company 493
- Key companies in major importing countries 493
- CNOOC 493
- Kogas 493
- LNG Japan Corporation 498
- Sinopec (China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation) 499
- 16. Sources 501
List of Tables
Table 4.1: Frontier resources and unconventional oil and gas 33
Table 5.1: Cost evaluation of selected planned gas pipeline projects 41
Table 5.2: Logistic bottlenecks for natural gas and liquefied natural gas (LNG) 43
Table 7.1: LNG terminals due to be commissioned in 2011 65
Table 13.1: Benefits of increased gas use in the EU energy transition 87
Table 14.1: iGas’s unconventional gas projects 180
Table 14.2: Timeline of shale gas exploration 275
Table 14.3: International co-operation involving Chinese companies in developing shale gas projects 277
Table 15.1: BP’s realised natural gas prices, USD per tcf, 2008 to 2010 350
Table 15.2: BP’s natural gas projects under development 351
Table 15.3: Chevron’s conventional natural gas projects under development or recently commissioned 354
Table 15.4: ConocoPhillips’ LNG projects 358
Table 15.5: Shell’s LNG liquefaction capacity 375
Table 15.6: Shell’s LNG regasification capacity 376
Table 15.7: Shell’s GTL plants 377
Table 15.8: Total’s natural gas projects in the pipeline 382
Table 15.9: BG Group’s natural gas power generation projects 397
Table 15.10: BG Group’s LNG export terminals as of August 2011 401
Table 15.11: BG Group’s LNG receiving terminals as of August 2011 402
Table 15.12: BG Group’s LNG core fleet as of August 2011 403
Table 15.13: BG Group’s long-term natural gas supply contracts 404
Table 15.14: Chesapeake Energy’s assets 407
Table 15.15: New developments Gazprom’s markets in 2011 452
Table 15.16: Gazprom’s natural gas pipelines commissioned, under construction or planned 457
Table 15.17: Areas that Gazprom is focussing on for sustainable growth 465
Table 15.18: Gazprom’s oil, condensate and natural gas projects outside of Russia 474
Table 15.19: Qatargas’ offshore projects 479
Table 15.20: Qatargas’ Ras Laffan condensate refinery projects 480
Table 15.21: Q-Flex and Q-Max vessels 480
Table 15.22: Receiving terminals for LNG from Qatargas 481
Table 15.23: PetroChina’s natural gas pipelines 484
Table 15.24: Saudi Aramco’s natural gas plants 489
Table 15.25: Sonatrach’s natural gas projects outside of Algeria 491
Table 15.26: CNOOC’s production of natural gas, bcf, 1H2010 and 1H2011 493
Table 15.27: Kogas’ overseas exploration and production projects 497
List of Figures
Figure 1.1: Natural gas market issues in 2011 31
Figure 2.1: Characterisation of petroleum initially in place reserve – resource description 33
Figure 2.2: Proven natural gas reserves, trillion cubic metres, 1980 to 2010 39
Figure 2.3: Proven natural reserves by region, tcm, 1980 to 2010 39
Figure 2.4: Proven natural gas reserves, trillion cubic metres (tcm), 1990, 2000 and 2010 40
Figure 2.5: R/P ratio of global natural gas reserves, years, 1980 to 2010 41
Figure 3.1: Natural gas production and consumption, bcm, 1970 to 2010 42
Figure 3.2: Natural gas production and consumption by region, bcm, 2010 43
Figure 3.3: Natural gas production by region, bcm, 1970 to 2010 44
Figure 3.4: Natural gas consumption by region, bcm, 1970 to 2010 45
Figure 3.5: Natural gas production and consumption in the US and Russia, bcm, 1970 to 2010 46
Figure 3.6: Top ten natural gas producing countries, bcm, 2010 47
Figure 3.7: Top ten natural gas consumers, bcm, 2010 47
Figure 3.8: Natural gas production and consumption in China and India, bcm, 1970 to 2010 48
Figure 3.9: Proven natural gas reserves and their R/P value for China and India, 1990, 2000 and 2010 49
Figure 4.1: Geology of natural gas resources 52
Figure 4.2: Unconventional natural gas resources, tcm 53
Figure 4.3: Global unconventional natural gas activity 54
Figure 5.1: Top ten countries by exports, bcm, 2010 56
Figure 5.2: Top ten countries by imports, bcm, 2010 57
Figure 5.3: Capital cost for a 5 bcm per year LNG and CNG facilities, USD million 57
Figure 5.4: Projected international trade of natural gas via pipelines and LNG in 2020 59
Figure 6.1: Imports of natural gas via pipelines in North America by country, bcm, 2010 61
Figure 6.2: Imports of natural gas via pipelines in selected Central and South America countries, bcm, 2010 63
Figure 6.3: Imports of natural gas via pipelines in Europe by country, bcm, 2010 64
Figure 6.4: European gas pipelines 65
Figure 6.5: Existing, planned and proposed pipelines in Europe and Eurasia 66
Figure 6.6: Nabucco pipeline 67
Figure 6.7: Connections to the Nabucco pipeline 68
Figure 6.8: Nord Stream pipeline 69
Figure 6.9: South Stream pipeline 70
Figure 6.10: Imports of natural gas via pipelines in the CIS region by country, bcm, 2010 71
Figure 6.11: Imports of natural gas via pipelines in Africa by country, bcm, 2010 72
Figure 6.12: Proposed Trans-Saharan Gas Pipeline 73
Figure 6.13: Imports of natural gas via pipelines in the Asia Pacific region by country, bcm, 2010 74
Figure 6.14: Imports of natural gas via pipelines in the Middle East by country, bcm, 2010 75
Figure 7.1: LNG supply chain 76
Figure 7.2: The transition of LNG technology 76
Figure 7.3: Market share LNG importing countries, bcm, 2010 77
Figure 7.4: Market share LNG exporting countries, bcm, 2010 78
Figure 7.5: Imports of LNG in Asia Pacific, bcm, 2010 78
Figure 7.6: Imports of LNG in Europe, bcm, 2010 79
Figure 7.7: Imports of LNG in the Americas, bcm, 2010 80
Figure 7.8: Imports of LNG in the Middle East, bcm, 2010 81
Figure 7.9: LNG demand by region, bcm, 2009 to 2020 83
Figure 7.10: Regasification projects under construction and likely to be commissioned, million tonnes, 2011 to 2015 83
Figure 7.11: Liquefaction capacity in Australia, million tonnes, 2007 to 2020 84
Figure 7.12: LNG supply capacity and projected LNG demand, bcm, 2010 to 2020 85
Figure 7.13: Long-term contracted LNG supply versus future LNG demand in the Atlantic Basin, bcm, 2010, 2015 and 2020 86
Figure 7.14: Long-term contracted LNG supply versus future LNG demand in Asia, bcm, 2010, 2015 and 2020 86
Figure 7.15: LNG production needed to meet demand and committed LNG, bcm, 2009 to 2016 87
Figure 9.1: Value chain from feedstock to chemical building blocks 92
Figure 9.2: Potential products of natural gas 93
Figure 9.3: Projected world supply of crude oil and NGL for a business-as-usual scenario, million barrels per day, 2010 to 2030 94
Figure 9.4: Projected OPEC and non-OPEC supply of NGL for a business-as-usual scenario, million barrels per day, 2010 to 2030 94
Figure 10.1: Projected OPEC GTL supply for a business-as-usual scenario, million barrels per day, 2010 to 2030 95
Figure 11.1: Oil, coal, natural gas and propane daily spot prices 96
Figure 11.2: Average cost for plants entering service by 2016, USD per kWh 97
Figure 12.1: Natural gas prices, USD per million Btu, 1984 to 2010 98
Figure 12.2: Historical and projected North American natural gas prices, USD per mmBtu, 1987 to 2025 99
Figure 12.3: Natural gas prices, USD per mmBtu, Jan 2009 to Oct 2012 100
Figure 12.4: Global natural gas prices, USD per mmBtu, 2000 to 2014 101
Figure 12.5: Unconventional and conventional gas production costs, USD per GJ, 2008 103
Figure 13.1: Global primary energy demand by fuel type, %, 1900 to 2010 105
Figure 13.2: Actual and projected share of primary energy by fuel type, 1970 to 2030 105
Figure 13.3: Growth rate in the production and consumption of natural gas by region in 2008 and projections for 2020 and 2050 106
Figure 13.4: Exports and imports of natural gas by region in 2008 and projections for 2020 and 2050 107
Figure 13.5: Exports and imports of natural gas by region in 2008 and projections for 2020 and 2050 108
Figure 13.6: Total’s projected natural gas production by region and main inter-regional flows, 2010 and 2020 109
Figure 13.7 : Evolution of natural gas trade 109
Figure 14.1: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in North America at end of 2010, bcm 110
Figure 14.2: Natural gas reserves in North America, tcm, 1980 to 2010 110
Figure 14.3: Domestic production and consumption of natural gas in North America, bcm, 1970 to 2010 111
Figure 14.4: Primary energy consumption by fuel at the end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 111
Figure 14.5: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Canada at end of 2010, bcm 112
Figure 14.6: Natural gas reserves in Canada, tcm, 1980 to 2010 113
Figure 14.7: Domestic production and consumption of natural gas in Canada, bcm, 1970 to 2010 114
Figure 14.8: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Canada, bcm 114
Figure 14.9: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Canada at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 115
Figure 14.10: Unconventional resource potential in Canada 115
Figure 14.11: West Canada Shale Basin production outlook 116
Figure 14.12: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Mexico at end of 2010, bcm 117
Figure 14.13: Natural gas reserves in Mexico, tcm, 1980 to 2010 118
Figure 14.14: Domestic production and consumption of natural gas in Mexico, bcm, 1970 to 2010 119
Figure 14.15: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Mexico, bcm 119
Figure 14.16: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Mexico at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 120
Figure 14.17: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in the USA at end of 2010, bcm 120
Figure 14.18: Natural gas reserves in the US, tcm, 1980 to 2010 121
Figure 14.19: Domestic production and consumption of natural gas in the US, bcm, 1970 to 2010 122
Figure 14.20: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in the USA, bcm 122
Figure 14.21: Non-Gulf of Mexico horizontal natural gas rigs in the US 123
Figure 14.22: Primary energy consumption by fuel in the USA at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 123
Figure 14.23: Natural gas production in the US, bcf per day, 1900 to 2030 124
Figure 14.24: Potential production rate that could be delivered by the major US shale plays up to 2030 (given 2010 drilling rates and mean resource estimates) 125
Figure 14.25: Historical and projected Henry Hub Natural Gas Prices, USD per mm Btu, Jan 2010 to Jan 2013 130
Figure 14.26: US NGL and natural gas prices, USD per mmBtu, Jan 2009 to Jul 2010 131
Figure 14.27: Shale plays in the USA 132
Figure 14.28: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Europe and Eurasia, at end of 2010, bcm 134
Figure 14.29: Natural gas reserves in Europe and Eurasia, tcm, 1980 to 2010 134
Figure 14.30: Domestic production and consumption of natural gas in Europe and Eurasia, bcm, 1970 to 2010 135
Figure 14.31: European gas supply by source, 2010 and 2020 135
Figure 14.32: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Europe and Eurasia at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 136
Figure 14.33: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Austria at end of 2010, bcm 136
Figure 14.34: Domestic consumption of natural gas in Austria, bcm, 1970 to 2010 137
Figure 14.35: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Austria at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 137
Figure 14.36: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Luxembourg, at end of 2010, bcm 138
Figure 14.37: Domestic consumption of natural gas in Belgium and Luxembourg, bcm, 1970 to 2010 139
Figure 14.38: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Bulgaria at end of 2010, bcm 139
Figure 14.39: Domestic consumption of natural gas in Bulgaria, bcm, 1970 to 2010 140
Figure 14.40: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Bulgaria at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 140
Figure 14.41: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Croatia at end of 2010, bcm 141
Figure 14.42: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Croatia, bcm 141
Figure 14.43: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in the Czech Republic at end of 2010, bcm 142
Figure 14.44: Domestic consumption of natural gas in the Czech Republic, bcm, 1970 to 2010 143
Figure 14.45: Primary energy consumption by fuel in the Czech Republic at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 143
Figure 14.46: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Denmark at end of 2010, bcm 144
Figure 14.47: Natural gas reserves in Denmark, tcm, 1980 to 2010 144
Figure 14.48: Domestic production and consumption of natural gas in Denmark, bcm, 1970 to 2010 145
Figure 14.49: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Denmark, bcm 146
Figure 14.50: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Denmark at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 146
Figure 14.51: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Estonia at end of 2010, bcm 147
Figure 14.52: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Finland at end of 2010, bcm 147
Figure 14.53: Domestic consumption of natural gas in Finland, bcm, 1970 to 2010 148
Figure 14.54: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Finland at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 148
Figure 14.55: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports at the end of 2010, bcm 149
Figure 14.56: Domestic consumption of natural gas in France, bcm, 1970 to 2010 149
Figure 14.57: Primary energy consumption by fuel in France at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 150
Figure 14.58: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in France, bcm 150
Figure 14.59: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Germany at end of 2010, bcm 151
Figure 14.60: Natural gas reserves in Germany, tcm, 1980 to 2010 151
Figure 14.61: Domestic production and consumption of natural gas in Germany, bcm, 1970 to 2010 152
Figure 14.62: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Germany at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 153
Figure 14.63: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Germany, bcm 153
Figure 14.64: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Greece at the end of 2010, bcm 154
Figure 14.65: Domestic consumption of natural gas in Greece, bcm, 1970 to 2010 155
Figure 14.66: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Greece at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 155
Figure 14.67: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Hungary at end of 2010, bcm 156
Figure 14.68: Domestic consumption of natural gas in Hungary, bcm, 1970 to 2010 156
Figure 14.69: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Hungary at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 157
Figure 14.70: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Hungary, bcm 157
Figure 14.71: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Ireland at end of 2010, bcm 158
Figure 14.72: Domestic consumption of natural gas in Ireland, bcm, 1970 to 2010 158
Figure 14.73: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Ireland at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 159
Figure 14.74: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Italy at end of 2010, bcm 159
Figure 14.75: Natural gas reserves in Italy, tcm, 1980 to 2010 160
Figure 14.76: Domestic production and consumption of natural gas in Italy, bcm, 1970 to 2010 161
Figure 14.77: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Italy at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 161
Figure 14.78: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Latvia at end of 2010, bcm 162
Figure 14.79: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Lithuania at end of 2010, bcm 162
Figure 14.80: Domestic consumption of natural gas in Lithuania, bcm, 1985 to 2010 163
Figure 14.81: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Lithuania at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 163
Figure 14.82: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Macedonia at end of 2010, bcm 164
Figure 14.83: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Macedonia at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 164
Figure 14.84: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in the Netherlands at end of 2010, bcm 165
Figure 14.85: Natural gas reserves in the Netherlands, tcm, 1980 to 2010 166
Figure 14.86: Domestic production and consumption of natural gas in the Netherlands, bcm, 1970 to 2010 166
Figure 14.87: Primary energy consumption by fuel in the Netherlands at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 167
Figure 14.88: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Norway at end of 2010, bcm 167
Figure 14.89: Natural gas reserves in Norway, tcm, 1980 to 2010 168
Figure 14.90: Domestic production and consumption of natural gas in Norway, bcm, 1970 to 2010 169
Figure 14.91: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Norway, bcm 169
Figure 14.92: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Poland at end of 2010, bcm 170
Figure 14.93: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Poland at end of 2010, bcm 170
Figure 14.94: Natural gas reserves in Poland, tcm, 1980 to 2010 171
Figure 14.95: Domestic production and consumption of natural gas in Poland, bcm, 1970 to 2010 172
Figure 14.96: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Poland at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 172
Figure 14.97: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Poland, bcm 173
Figure 14.98: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Portugal at end of 2010, bcm 177
Figure 14.99: Domestic consumption of natural gas in Portugal, bcm, 1997 to 2010 177
Figure 14.100: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Portugal at the end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 178
Figure 14.101: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Romania at the end of 2010, bcm 178
Figure 14.102: Natural gas reserves in Romania, tcm, 1980 to 2010 179
Figure 14.103: Domestic production and consumption of natural gas in Romania, bcm, 1970 to 2010 180
Figure 14.104: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Romania at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 181
Figure 14.105: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Romania, bcm 181
Figure 14.106: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Serbia at end of 2010, bcm 182
Figure 14.107: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Serbia, bcm 182
Figure 14.108: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Slovakia at end of 2010, bcm 183
Figure 14.109: Domestic consumption of natural gas in Slovakia, bcm, 1970 to 2010 183
Figure 14.110: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Slovakia at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 184
Figure 14.111: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Slovenia at end of 2010, bcm 184
Figure 14.112: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Spain at end of 2010, bcm 185
Figure 14.113: Domestic consumption of natural gas in Spain, bcm, 1970 to 2010 185
Figure 14.114: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Spain at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 186
Figure 14.115: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Sweden at the end of 2010, bcm 187
Figure 14.116: Domestic consumption of natural gas in Sweden, bcm, 1985 to 2010 187
Figure 14.117: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Sweden at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 188
Figure 14.118: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Switzerland at end of 2010, bcm 188
Figure 14.119: Domestic consumption of natural gas in Switzerland, bcm, 1970 to 2010 189
Figure 14.120: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Switzerland at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 189
Figure 14.121: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Turkey at end of 2010, bcm 190
Figure 14.122: Domestic consumption of natural gas in Turkey, bcm, 1986 to 2010 190
Figure 14.123: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Turkey at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 191
Figure 14.124: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Turkey, bcm 191
Figure 14.125: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in the United Kingdom at end of 2010, bcm 192
Figure 14.126: Natural gas reserves in United Kingdom, tcm, 1980 to 2010 192
Figure 14.127: Domestic production and consumption of natural gas in the United Kingdom, bcm, 1970 to 2010 194
Figure 14.128: Primary energy consumption by fuel in the United Kingdom at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 194
Figure 14.129: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in the United Kingdom, bcm 195
Figure 14.130: Main potential unconventional gas rock sources in the United Kingdom 196
Figure 14.131: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Armenia at end of 2010, bcm 198
Figure 14.132: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Azerbaijan at end of 2010, bcm 198
Figure 14.133: Domestic production and consumption of natural gas in Azerbaijan, bcm, 1985 to 2010 200
Figure 14.134: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Azerbaijan, bcm 200
Figure 14.135: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Azerbaijan at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 201
Figure 14.136: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Belarus at end of 2010, bcm 201
Figure 14.137: Domestic consumption of natural gas in Belarus, bcm, 1985 to 2010 202
Figure 14.138: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Belarus at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 202
Figure 14.139: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Bosnia & Herzegovina at end of 2010, bcm 203
Figure 14.140: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports at the end of 2010, bcm 203
Figure 14.141: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Kazakhstan at end of 2010, bcm 204
Figure 14.142: Natural gas reserves in Kazakhstan, tcm, 1997 to 2010 204
Figure 14.143: Domestic production and consumption of natural gas in Kazakhstan, bcm, 1985 to 2010 206
Figure 14.144: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Kazakhstan, bcm 206
Figure 14.145: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Kazakhstan at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 207
Figure 14.146: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Kyrgyzstan at end of 2010, bcm 207
Figure 14.147: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Moldova at end of 2010, bcm 208
Figure 14.148: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Russia at end of 2010, bcm 209
Figure 14.149: Natural gas reserves in Russia, tcm, 1997 to 2010 209
Figure 14.150: Domestic production and consumption of natural gas in Russia, bcm, 1985 to 2010 210
Figure 14.151: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Russia, bcm 210
Figure 14.152: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Russia at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 211
Figure 14.153: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Tajikistan at end of 2010, bcm 212
Figure 14.154: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Turkmenistan at end of 2010, bcm 212
Figure 14.155: Natural gas reserves in Turkmenistan, tcm, 1997 to 2010 213
Figure 14.156: Domestic production and consumption of natural gas in Turkmenistan, bcm, 1985 to 2010 213
Figure 14.157: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Turkmenistan at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 214
Figure 14.158: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Ukraine at end of 2010, bcm 214
Figure 14.159: Natural gas reserves in the Ukraine, tcm, 1997 to 2010 215
Figure 14.160: Domestic production and consumption of natural gas in the Ukraine, bcm, 1985 to 2010 216
Figure 14.161: Primary energy consumption by fuel in the Ukraine at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 216
Figure 14.162: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Uzbekistan at end of 2010, bcm 217
Figure 14.163: Natural gas reserves in Uzbekistan, tcm, 1997 to 2010 218
Figure 14.164: Domestic production and consumption of natural gas in Uzbekistan, bcm, 1985 to 2010 219
Figure 14.165: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Uzbekistan, bcm 219
Figure 14.166: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Uzbekistan at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 220
Figure 14.167: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in the Middle East at end of 2010, bcm 220
Figure 14.168: Natural gas reserves in the Middle East, tcm, 1980 to 2010 221
Figure 14.169: Domestic production and consumption of natural gas in the Middle East, bcm, 1970 to 2010 222
Figure 14.170: Primary energy consumption by fuel in the Middle East at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 222
Figure 14.171: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Bahrain at end of 2010, bcm 223
Figure 14.172: Natural gas reserves in Bahrain, tcm, 1980 to 2010 223
Figure 14.173: Domestic production of natural gas in Bahrain, bcm, 1970 to 2010 224
Figure 14.174: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Bahrain, bcm 224
Figure 14.175: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Iran at end of 2010, bcm 225
Figure 14.176: Natural gas reserves in Iran, tcm, 1980 to 2010 225
Figure 14.177: Domestic production and consumption of natural gas in Iran, bcm, 1970 to 2010 226
Figure 14.178: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Iran, bcm 226
Figure 14.179: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Iran at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 227
Figure 14.180: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Iraq at end of 2010, bcm 228
Figure 14.181: Natural gas reserves in Iraq, tcm, 1980 to 2010 228
Figure 14.182: Domestic production of natural gas in Iraq, bcm, 1970 to 2010 229
Figure 14.183: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Iraq, bcm 229
Figure 14.184: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Israel at end of 2010, bcm 231
Figure 14.185: Domestic consumption of natural gas in Israel, bcm, 1970 to 2010 231
Figure 14.186: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Israel at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 232
Figure 14.187: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Israel, bcm 232
Figure 14.188: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Jordan at end of 2010, bcm 233
Figure 14.189: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Kuwait at end of 2010, bcm 233
Figure 14.190: Natural gas reserves in Kuwait, tcm, 1980 to 2010 234
Figure 14.191: Domestic production and consumption of natural gas in Kuwait, bcm, 1970 to 2010 234
Figure 14.192: Primary energy consumption by fuel at the end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 235
Figure 14.193: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Kuwait, bcm 235
Figure 14.194: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Lebanon at end of 2010, bcm 236
Figure 14.195: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Oman at end of 2010, bcm 236
Figure 14.196: Natural gas reserves in Oman, tcm, 1980 to 2010 237
Figure 14.197: Domestic production of natural gas in Oman, bcm, 1970 to 2010 237
Figure 14.198: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Oman, bcm 238
Figure 14.199: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Qatar at end of 2010, bcm 238
Figure 14.200: Natural gas reserves in Qatar, tcm, 1980 to 2010 239
Figure 14.201: Domestic production and consumption of natural gas in Qatar, bcm, 1970 to 2010 239
Figure 14.202: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Qatar, bcm 240
Figure 14.203: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Qatar at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 240
Figure 14.204: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Saudi Arabia at the end of 2010, bcm 241
Figure 14.205: Natural gas reserves in Saudi Arabia, tcm, 1980 to 2010 241
Figure 14.206: Domestic production and consumption of natural gas in Saudi Arabia, bcm, 1970 to 2010 242
Figure 14.207: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Saudi Arabia, bcm 242
Figure 14.208: Primary energy consumption by fuel at the end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 243
Figure 14.209: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Syria at end of 2010, bcm 243
Figure 14.210: Natural gas reserves in Syria, tcm, 1980 to 2010 244
Figure 14.211: Domestic production of natural gas in Syria, bcm, 1970 to 2010 244
Figure 14.212: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Syria, bcm 245
Figure 14.213: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in the UAE at end of 2010, bcm 245
Figure 14.214: Natural gas reserves in the UAE, tcm, 1980 to 2010 246
Figure 14.215: Domestic production and consumption of natural gas in the UAE, bcm, 1970 to 2010 246
Figure 14.216: Primary energy consumption by fuel in the UAE at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 247
Figure 14.217: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in the UAE, bcm 247
Figure 14.218: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Yemen at end of 2010, bcm 248
Figure 14.219: Natural gas reserves in Yemen, tcm, 1980 to 2010 248
Figure 14.220: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Yemen, bcm 249
Figure 14.221: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in South and Central America at end of 2010, bcm 250
Figure 14.222: Natural gas reserves in South & Central America, tcm, 1980 to 2010 250
Figure 14.223: Primary energy consumption by fuel in South and Central America at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 251
Figure 14.224: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Argentina at end of 2010, bcm 251
Figure 14.225: Natural gas reserves in Argentina, tcm, 1980 to 2010 252
Figure 14.226: Domestic production and consumption of natural gas in Argentina, bcm, 1970 to 2010 253
Figure 14.227: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Argentina at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 254
Figure 14.228: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Argentina, bcm 254
Figure 14.229: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Bolivia at end of 2010, bcm 255
Figure 14.230: Natural gas reserves in Bolivia, tcm, 1980 to 2010 256
Figure 14.231: Domestic production of natural gas in Bolivia, bcm, 1970 to 2010 256
Figure 14.232: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Bolivia, bcm 257
Figure 14.233: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Brazil at end of 2010, bcm 257
Figure 14.234: Natural gas reserves in Brazil, tcm, 1980 to 2010 258
Figure 14.235: Domestic production and consumption of natural gas in Brazil, bcm, 1970 to 2010 258
Figure 14.236: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Brazil, bcm 259
Figure 14.237: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Brazil at the end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 259
Figure 14.238: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Chile at end of 2010, bcm 260
Figure 14.239: Domestic consumption of natural gas in Chile, bcm, 1970 to 2010 260
Figure 14.240: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Chile, bcm 261
Figure 14.241: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Chile at the end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 261
Figure 14.242: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Colombia at end of 2010, bcm 262
Figure 14.243: Natural gas reserves in Colombia, tcm, 1980 to 2010 262
Figure 14.244: Domestic production and consumption of natural gas in Colombia, bcm, 1970 to 2010 263
Figure 14.245: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Colombia at the end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 263
Figure 14.246: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Colombia, bcm 264
Figure 14.247: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in the Dominican Republic at the end of 2010, bcm 264
Figure 14.248: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Ecuador at end of 2010, bcm 265
Figure 14.249: Domestic consumption of natural gas in Ecuador, bcm, 1970 to 2010 265
Figure 14.250: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Ecuador at the end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 266
Figure 14.251: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Peru at end of 2010, bcm 266
Figure 14.252: Natural gas reserves in Peru, tcm, 1980 to 2010 267
Figure 14.253: Domestic production and consumption of natural gas in Peru, bcm, 1970 to 2010 268
Figure 14.254: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Peru, bcm 268
Figure 14.255: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Peru at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 269
Figure 14.256: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports at the end of 2010, bcm 269
Figure 14.257: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Trinidad & Tobago at end of 2010, bcm 270
Figure 14.258: Natural gas reserves in Trinidad & Tobago, tcm, 1980 to 2010 270
Figure 14.259: Domestic production and consumption of natural gas in Trinidad & Tobago, bcm, 1970 to 2010 271
Figure 14.260: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Trinidad & Tobago, bcm 272
Figure 14.261: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Trinidad & Tobago at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 272
Figure 14.262: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Uruguay at end of 2010, bcm 273
Figure 14.263: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Venezuela at end of 2010, bcm 273
Figure 14.264: Natural gas reserves in Venezuela, tcm, 1980 to 2010 274
Figure 14.265: Domestic production and consumption of natural gas in Venezuela, bcm, 1970 to 2010 274
Figure 14.266: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Venezuela at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 275
Figure 14.267:Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Venezuela, bcm 275
Figure 14.268: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Asia Pacific region at end of 2010, bcm 276
Figure 14.269: Natural gas reserves in Asia Pacific region, tcm, 1980 to 2010 276
Figure 14.270: Domestic production and consumption of natural gas in Asia Pacific region, bcm, 1970 to 2010 277
Figure 14.271: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Asia Pacific region at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 277
Figure 14.272: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Australia at end of 2010, bcm 278
Figure 14.273: Natural gas reserves in Australia, tcm, 1980 to 2010 278
Figure 14.274: Domestic production and consumption of natural gas in Australia, bcm, 1970 to 2010 279
Figure 14.275: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Australia, bcm 280
Figure 14.276: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Australia at the end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 281
Figure 14.277: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Bangladesh at end of 2010, bcm 283
Figure 14.278: Natural gas reserves in Bangladesh, tcm, 1980 to 2010 283
Figure 14.279: Domestic production and consumption of natural gas in Bangladesh, bcm, 1970 to 2010 284
Figure 14.280: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Bangladesh at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 284
Figure 14.281: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Brunei at end of 2010, bcm 285
Figure 14.282: Natural gas reserves in Brunei, tcm, 1980 to 2010 285
Figure 14.283: Domestic production of natural gas in Brunei, bcm, 1970 to 2010 286
Figure 14.284: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Brunei, bcm 286
Figure 14.285: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in China at end of 2010, bcm 287
Figure 14.286: Natural gas reserves in China, tcm, 1980 to 2010 288
Figure 14.287: Domestic production and consumption of natural gas in China, bcm, 1970 to 2010 289
Figure 14.288: Primary energy consumption by fuel in China at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 290
Figure 14.289: Location of China’s unconventional gas resources according to studies by Sinopec 291
Figure 14.290: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in East Timor at end of 2010, bcm 299
Figure 14.291: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Hong Kong at the end of 2010, bcm 299
Figure 14.292: Domestic consumption of natural gas in Hong Kong, bcm, 1996 to 2010 300
Figure 14.293: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Hong Kong at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 300
Figure 14.294: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in India at end of 2010, bcm 301
Figure 14.295: Natural gas reserves in India, tcm, 1980 to 2010 301
Figure 14.296: Domestic production and consumption of natural gas in India, bcm, 1970 to 2010 302
Figure 14.297: Primary energy consumption by fuel in India at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 303
Figure 14.298: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in India, bcm 303
Figure 14.299: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Indonesia at end of 2010, bcm 305
Figure 14.300: Natural gas reserves in Indonesia, tcm, 1980 to 2010 305
Figure 14.301: Domestic production and consumption of natural gas in Indonesia, bcm, 1970 to 2010 306
Figure 14.302: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Indonesia, bcm 306
Figure 14.303: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Indonesia at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 307
Figure 14.304: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Japan at the end of 2010, bcm 308
Figure 14.305: Domestic consumption of natural gas in Japan, bcm, 1970 to 2010 308
Figure 14.306: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Japan at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 309
Figure 14.307: Japan’s LNG and nuclear power purchases, million tonnes and TWh, January 2010 and November 2011 309
Figure 14.308: Sumitomo Marcellus shale gas projects 311
Figure 14.309: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Malaysia at end of 2010, bcm 311
Figure 14.310: Natural gas reserves in Malaysia, tcm, 1980 to 2010 312
Figure 14.311: Domestic production and consumption of natural gas in Malaysia, bcm, 1970 to 2010 312
Figure 14.312: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Malaysia, bcm 313
Figure 14.313: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Malaysia at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 313
Figure 14.314: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Myanmar at end of 2010, bcm 314
Figure 14.315: Natural gas reserves in Myanmar, tcm, 1980 to 2010 314
Figure 14.316: Domestic production of natural gas in Myanmar, bcm, 1970 to 2010 315
Figure 14.317: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Myanmar, bcm 315
Figure 14.318: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in New Zealand at end of 2010, bcm 316
Figure 14.319: Domestic consumption of natural gas in New Zealand, bcm, 1970 to 2010 316
Figure 14.320: Primary energy consumption by fuel in New Zealand at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 317
Figure 14.321: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in New Zealand, bcm 317
Figure 14.322: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Pakistan at end of 2010, bcm 318
Figure 14.323: Natural gas reserves in Pakistan, tcm, 1980 to 2010 318
Figure 14.324: Domestic production and consumption of natural gas in Pakistan, bcm, 1970 to 2010 319
Figure 14.325: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Pakistan, bcm 319
Figure 14.326: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Pakistan at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 320
Figure 14.327: Natural gas reserves in Papua New Guinea, tcm, 1980 to 2010 321
Figure 14.328: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in the Philippines at end of 2010, bcm 321
Figure 14.329: Domestic consumption of natural gas in the Philippines, bcm, 2001 to 2010 322
Figure 14.330: Primary energy consumption by fuel in the Philippines at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 322
Figure 14.331: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in the Philippines, bcm 323
Figure 14.332: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Singapore at end of 2010, bcm 323
Figure 14.333: Domestic consumption of natural gas in Singapore, bcm, 1992 to 2010 324
Figure 14.334: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Singapore at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 324
Figure 14.335: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in South Korea at end of 2010, bcm 325
Figure 14.336: Domestic consumption of natural gas in South Korea, bcm, 1986 to 2010 325
Figure 14.337: Primary energy consumption by fuel in South Korea at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 326
Figure 14.338: Demand for city gas and natural gas for power generation in South Korea, million tons, 2009 to 2024 326
Figure 14.339: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Taiwan at end of 2010, bcm 328
Figure 14.340: Domestic consumption of natural gas in Taiwan, bcm, 1970 to 2010 328
Figure 14.341: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Taiwan at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 329
Figure 14.342: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Thailand at end of 2010, bcm 329
Figure 14.343: Natural gas reserves in Thailand, tcm, 1980 to 2010 330
Figure 14.344: Domestic production and consumption of natural gas in Thailand, bcm, 1970 to 2010 331
Figure 14.345: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Thailand, bcm 332
Figure 14.346: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Thailand at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 332
Figure 14.347: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports at the end of 2010, bcm 333
Figure 14.348: Natural gas reserves in Vietnam, tcm, 1980 to 2010 333
Figure 14.349: Domestic production and consumption of natural gas in Vietnam, bcm, 1970 to 2010 334
Figure 14.350: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Vietnam, bcm 334
Figure 14.351: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Vietnam at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 335
Figure 14.352: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Africa at end of 2010, bcm 335
Figure 14.353: Natural gas reserves in Africa, tcm, 1980 to 2010 336
Figure 14.354: Domestic production and consumption of natural gas in Africa, bcm, 1970 to 2010 336
Figure 14.355: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Africa at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 337
Figure 14.356: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Algeria at end of 2010, bcm 337
Figure 14.357: Natural gas reserves in Algeria, tcm, 1980 to 2010 338
Figure 14.358: Domestic production and consumption of natural gas in Algeria, bcm, 1970 to 2010 338
Figure 14.359: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Algeria, bcm 339
Figure 14.360: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Algeria at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 339
Figure 14.361: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Egypt at end of 2010, bcm 340
Figure 14.362: Natural gas reserves in Egypt, tcm, 1980 to 2010 340
Figure 14.363: Domestic production and consumption of natural gas in Egypt, bcm, 1970 to 2010 341
Figure 14.364: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Egypt, bcm 342
Figure 14.365: Primary energy consumption by fuel in Egypt at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 342
Figure 14.366: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Libya at end of 2010, bcm 343
Figure 14.367: Natural gas reserves in Libya, tcm, 1980 to 2010 343
Figure 14.368: Domestic production of natural gas in Libya, bcm, 1970 to 2010 344
Figure 14.369: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Libya, bcm 344
Figure 14.370: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Morocco at end of 2010, bcm 345
Figure 14.371: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Tunisia at end of 2010, bcm 346
Figure 14.372: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Tunisia, bcm 346
Figure 14.373: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Equatorial New Guinea at end of 2010, bcm 347
Figure 14.374: Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Equatorial New Guinea, bcm 347
Figure 14.375: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Ghana at end of 2010, bcm 348
Figure 14.376: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports at the end of 2010, bcm 348
Figure 14.377: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in Nigeria at end of 2010, bcm 349
Figure 14.378: Natural gas reserves in Nigeria, tcm, 1980 to 2010 350
Figure 14.379: Domestic production of natural gas in Nigeria, bcm, 1970 to 2010 350
Figure 14.380:Natural gas production, shrinkage, re-injection and flaring in Nigeria, bcm 351
Figure 14.381: Natural gas production, consumption, imports and exports in South Africa at end of 2010, bcm 351
Figure 14.382: Domestic consumption of natural gas in South Africa, bcm, 1980 to 2010 352
Figure 14.383: Primary energy consumption by fuel in South Africa at end of 2010, Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) and percentage of use 352
Figure 15.1: Share of natural gas production by company type, 2000 and 2010 354
Figure 15.2: Share of natural gas reserves by company type, 2000 and 2010 355
Figure 15.3: Global regasification and liquefaction capacity, bcm, 2000 and 2010 355
Figure 15.4: Share of LNG liquefaction market by company type, 2000 and 2010 356
Figure 15.5: Share of LNG regasification market by company type, 2000 and 2010 357
Figure 15.6: Top ten natural gas producers in 2010, bcf 358
Figure 15.7: Top 10 companies by natural gas reserves in 2010, bcf 359
Figure 15.8: R/P ratio for the top 20 natural gas companies for 2010, years 360
Figure 15.9: Natural gas reserves for the four oil majors, bcm, 2006 to 2010 361
Figure 15.10: Natural gas sold for the four oil majors, mcf per day, 2006 to 2010 361
Figure 15.11: Refined products sold for the four oil majors, mcf per day, 2006 to 2010 362
Figure 15.12: Growth in energy demand, billion toe, 1870 to 2030 365
Figure 15.13: Shares of world primary energy, 1970 to 2030 365
Figure 15.14: Growth in energy demand in the US, EU and China, billion toe, 1870 to 2030 366
Figure 15.15: BP’s natural gas assets 366
Figure 15.16: Projected Henry Hub price, USD per mmBtu, 2011 to 2016 367
Figure 15.17: BP’s LNG portfolio 369
Figure 15.18: BP’s LNG value chain 369
Figure 15.19: BP’s natural gas production by region, mcf per day, 2008 to 2010 370
Figure 15.20: Chevron’s North American unconventional assets 373
Figure 15.21: Chevron’s shale gas projects in Eastern Europe 374
Figure 15.22: Global LNG Supply – Demand Balance, bcf per day, 2010 to 2030 376
Figure 15.23: ConocoPhillips’ Australian and Timor Sea natural gas projects 377
Figure 15.24: ConocoPhillips’ shale plays 378
Figure 15.25: ConocoPhillips production profile for its lower 48 shale plays, 2008 to 2013 379
Figure 15.26: ConocoPhillips Eagle Ford play, actual and projected production, million barrels of oil equivalent per day 379
Figure 15.27: US Natural gas supply sources, bcf per day, 2011 to 2029 382
Figure 15.28: ExxonMobil’s integrated supply chain 383
Figure 15.29: Actual and projected energy demand, quadrillion Btu, 2005 and 2030 383
Figure 15.30: Commodities Demand and Global GDP, % change, 1995 to 2015 384
Figure 15.31: ExxonMobil’s natural gas production, mcf per day, 2006 to 2010 384
Figure 15.32: Growth opportunities for oil and gas for ExxonMobil 385
Figure 15.33: Growth opportunities for ‘unconventionals’ for ExxonMobil 385
Figure 15.34: ExxonMobil’s unconventional oil and gas assets in North America 386
Figure 15.35: Projected consumption of natural gas in the United States, Asia Pacific and Europe, bcf per day 387
Figure 15.36: US unconventional natural gas production, million barrels of oil equivalent per day, 2010 to 2020 387
Figure 15.37: Natural gas production by Shell and Shell subsidiaries, mcf per day, 2010 388
Figure 15.38: Shell’s top eight natural gas producing countries in 2010, mcf per day 389
Figure 15.39: Realised price for natural gas for Shell subsidiaries, thousand cubic feet, 2008 to 2010 389
Figure 15.40: Realised price for natural gas for Shell’s equity-accounted investments, thousand cubic feet, 2008 to 2010 390
Figure 15.41: Shell’s projected global energy mix, million boe per day, 1980 to 2050 390
Figure 15.42: Key Shell projects under development 391
Figure 15.43: Evolution of USGC industry cash margins and feedstock slate 394
Figure 15.44: Shell and PetroChina’s unconventional natural gas projects 395
Figure 15.45: Shell’s North American unconventional projects 396
Figure 15.46: Total’s global energy mix projections 396
Figure 15.47: Total’s LNG facilities 397
Figure 15.48: Total’s upstream LNG production, million tonnes per year, 2009, 2010 and 2016 398
Figure 15.49: Estimated European and Asian natural gas production and demand, bcf per day, 2010 to 2020 401
Figure 15.50: Projected worldwide LNG production and demand by region, mtpa, 2005 to 2020 402
Figure 15.51: Total’s Australian projects under development 403
Figure 15.52: LNG produced by Total’s Ichthys and GLNG project, boe per day, 2010 to 2030 403
Figure 15.53: Total’s ten exploration permits in Australia 404
Figure 15.54: Total’s oil and gas projects in Russia 404
Figure 15.55: Shtokman natural gas field in Russia 405
Figure 15.56: Status of Total projects as of February 2011 406
Figure 15.57: South Sulige 408
Figure 15.58: Total’s coal bed methane project in Australia 408
Figure 15.59: Anadarko’s US shale plays 409
Figure 15.60: Anadarko’s international oil and gas assets 410
Figure 15.61: Anadarko Petroleum’s offshore Mozambique natural gas project 412
Figure 15.62: Apache Energy’s hydrocarbon portfolio 413
Figure 15.63: Apache Energy’s hydrocarbon portfolio 414
Figure 15.64: Net production or natural gas by major exploration and production companies, thousand boe per day, 2010 to 2020 416
Figure 15.65: Global natural gas supply, bcm, 2010 to 2020 416
Figure 15.66: World natural gas demand, bcm, 2000 to 2020 417
Figure 15.67: BG Group’s natural gas production, thousand boe per day, 1997 to 2020 420
Figure 15.68: BG Group’s LNG contracted volume, million tonnes per annum (mtpa), 2003 to 2020 421
Figure 15.69: LNG supply and demand in 2020, mtpa 422
Figure 15.70: BG Group’s shale gas assets in the USA 422
Figure 15.71: Chesapeake Energy’s operating assets in the USA 423
Figure 15.72: Chesapeake Energy liquid production profile 425
Figure 15.73: Chesapeake Energy natural gas production profile 426
Figure 15.74: Chesapeake’s projected liquid production, bcfe, 2011 to 2013 426
Figure 15.75: Chesapeake’s projected natural gas production, bcf, 2011 to 2013 427
Figure 15.76: America’s Natural Gas Highway as of September 2011 427
Figure 15.77: Projected America’s Natural Gas Highway for December 2012 428
Figure 15.78: Devon Energy’s North American unconventional assets 429
Figure 15.79: Share of Eni’s natural gas production by region or major producing country in 2010 431
Figure 15.80: Eni’s supply portfolio 431
Figure 15.81: Eni’s natural gas transportation infrastructure 432
Figure 15.82: Growth opportunities for Eni 432
Figure 15.83: Eni’s unconventional gas and oil assets 433
Figure 15.84: Key market trends for the natural gas market by region, 2011 to 2014 434
Figure 15.85: EOG Resources acres in the Eagle Ford play 439
Figure 15.86: EOG Resources increased liquids weighting North American revenue mix 440
Figure 15.87: Occidental Petroleum oil and gas producing assets worldwide 441
Figure 15.88: Sasol’s business operations 442
Figure 15.89: Sasol’s upstream natural gas and coal assets 443
Figure 15.90: Sasol’s gas-to-liquid process 444
Figure 15.91: Increase in the capacity of GTL plants 445
Figure 15.92: Historic oil: gas price ratio for Europe and Asia (contract) 446
Figure 15.93: Sasol’s projected consolidate production volumes (liquids and gas) equity share risked, thousand barrels of oil equivalent per day, 2001 to 2039 447
Figure 15.94: Statoil’s natural gas production projects 448
Figure 15.95: Statoil natural gas sale areas 449
Figure 15.96: Statoil’s cost-effective concept of an offshore LNG plant 450
Figure 15.97: Statoil’s Marcellus shale assets 451
Figure 15.98: Statoil’s internal natural gas prices, NOK, Q1 2006 to Q3 2011 452
Figure 15.99: Williams’ US oil and gas plays and reported breakeven prices 454
Figure 15.100: Gazprom’s sales of natural gas by region, bcm, 2010 456
Figure 15.101: Gazprom domestic natural gas sales, bcm, 2001 to 2010 456
Figure 15.102: Actual and estimated natural gas production, bcm, 2001 to 2013 457
Figure 15.103: Average natural gas production per operating Gazprom wells and operating Gazprom wells, 2005 to 2009 457
Figure 15.104: Natural gas condensate production, million tons, 2001 to 2010 458
Figure 15.105: Russian natural gas reserves and Gazprom’s reserves 459
Figure 15.106: Gazprom’s natural gas, oil and condensate reserves 460
Figure 15.107: Unified Gas Supply System (UGSS) 464
Figure 15.108: Gazprom’s UGS facilities in Russia 465
Figure 15.109: Gazprom’s UGS facilities in Europe 467
Figure 15.110: Gazprom’s purchase of Central Asian and Azerbaijani gas, bcm, 2009 and 2010 468
Figure 15.111: Central Asia – Center (CAC) gas transmission system 468
Figure 15.112: Gazprom’s oil refining and gas chemical processing facilities in Russia 471
Figure 15.113: Gazprom’s refining capacity worldwide 472
Figure 15.114: Gazprom’s operational pipelines and pipelines in the development stages including under construction 473
Figure 15.115: Gazprom’s LNG deals, thousand tons, 2005 to 2009 481
Figure 15.116: Gazprom’s planned LNG projects 482
Figure 15.117: Gazprom gas deliveries to Europe, 2005 to 2011 483
Figure 15.118: Gazprom gas deliveries to FSU (Former Soviet Union) countries, 2005 to 2011 483
Figure 15.119: Churn ratio* at European natural gas hubs 484
Figure 15.120: Continental hub trade, 2009, bcm 484
Figure 15.121: Gazprom’s expected share of global gas markets in 2030 485
Figure 15.122: Structure of Gazprom Group’s gas sales, 2010, 2020 and 2030 486
Figure 15.123: Structure of Gazprom Group’s gas revenues, 2010, 2020 and 2030 486
Figure 15.124: Yamal gas fields 487
Figure 15.125: Prospective sources of Gazprom production, bcm, 2010, 2020 and 2030 488
Figure 15.126: Planned gas pipelines for the Yamal region 488
Figure 15.127: Structure of Gazprom CAPEX by major projects 489
Figure 15.128: Gazprom Group’s major exploration and production projects abroad 490
Figure 15.129: Gazprom’s expansion plans in global natural gas markets 493
Figure 15.130: Gazprom’s planned LNG build up, 2010 to 2030 493
Figure 15.131: Western route for Gazprom from Russia to China, North Korea and ports for delivery to the US, Japan and South Korea 494
Figure 15.132: Coal bed methane resource development in Russia 495
Figure 15.133: EGAS Concessions in the Mediterranean, Nile Delta and North Sinai 499
Figure 15.134: Petronas’ producing natural gas fields 502
Figure 15.135: Petronas’ international gas projects 502
Figure 15.136: Petronas’ LNG sales volume, million tonnes, FY 2007 to 2011 503
Figure 15.137: Saudi Aramco’s NGL exports by market in 2010 505
Figure 15.138: Kogas’ natural gas business flow chart 511
Figure 15.139: LNG Japan Corporation’s milestones 515
Figure 15.140: Average selling price of natural gas, RMB per tonne, 2008 to 2010 517
Price: £1,200.00
Prod. Code: NRGNR1
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