Geothermal Report –Market Research Table of Contents

This global geothermal market research report contains a full geothermal energy analysis of geothermal developments worldwide and by country. The Geothermal energy report includes an analysis of the geothermal industry, the advantages and disadvantages of geothermal energy and in depth geothermal energy data, facts, forecasts and statistics for each country. NRG Expert’s Geothermal Report also provides key data and statistics from our geothermal energy database. Bespoke consultancy on the geothermal market and industry can also be provided.

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1. Executive Summary – global geothermal energy industry 25: USA 26; Philippines 27; Indonesia 27; Mexico 28; Italy 28; New Zealand 28; Iceland 28; Japan 28; Other countries 29
2. Introduction to Geothermal Energy 30: Overview 30; Development of geothermal energy use 31; Direct low enthalpy use of geothermal energy 33; Geothermal Heat Pump (GHP), Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) 35; Indirect use of geothermal energy for power generation 37; Geothermal energy technology of geothermal power generation 38; Dry steam 38; Flash Steam 39; Binary cycle/Organic Rankine cycle 40; Combined-cycle or hybrid plants 41; Conventional and hot rocks technologies 42; Volcanic Geothermal/Convective hydrotreatment 44; Sedimentary Aquifer (HSA) 45; Hot dry rock/enhanced geothermal systems (HDR) 47; Comparison of technologies 50; Geothermal energy efficiency 52; Combined Heat and Power (CHP) 52; Geothermal coproduction from waste water 53; Offshore geothermal 53; Location of resources 53
3. Overview of geothermal energy capacity & utilisation 57: Geothermal direct use 57; Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) 64; Geothermal electricity generation 73; Geothermal generation growth 78; Technology 87
4. Geothermal Energy Industry 90: Overview 90; Alterra Power Corporation 90; Borealis Geothermal 93; Caithness Energy 94; Calpine 94; CalEnergy 96; USA 97; Philippines 97; Chevron 97; Contact Energy 100; Enel 101; Energy Development Corporation (EDC) 101; Gradient Resources 102; Hot Rock 103; Mighty River Project 105; Nevada Geothermal Power (NGP) 107; Ormat Technologies 111; Oski Energy 115; Panax Geothermal 115; Ram Power 119; Terra-Gen Power 122; US Geothermal 124; Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) 124; AltaRock Energy 124; EGS Energy 125; Geodynamics 125; Geox 127; GreenFire Energy 127; Rockenergy 127; Drilling 127; Baker Hughes 128; Geothermal Anywhere 128; Halliburton 128; Iceland Drilling 129; Potter Drilling 130; Schlumberger 131; ThermaSource 132; Ground Source Heat Pumps 132; Nibe 132; Waterfurance Renewable Energy 132; Geothermal equipment manufacturers 133; Turbines 133; Mitsubishi 133; Toshiba 134; Fuji Electric 134
5. Geothermal statistics and data on revenue & costs – generation, construction & equipment sales 136: Revenue from geothermal electricity sales 136; Capital costs for building geothermal power plants 136; Indirect costs 138; Disposal 139; Operation & Maintenance 139; Cost comparison with other technologies 140; Geothermal generation equipment market 141; Costs of electricity 143
6. Country use and development of geothermal energy 147: North America 147; Canada 147; Geothermal power generation 147; Direct Use 149; Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) 149; Mexico 154; Geothermal power generation 154; Recent power development 154; Geothermal fields 155; Geothermal generation plants 155; Future development – geothermal energy analysis 158; Direct Use 159; United States 160; Overview 160; Geothermal power generation 160; The Geysers 161; Existing Installations and Active Geothermal Projects in the United States 164; Alaska 166; Arizona 167; Arkansas 168; California 168; Colorado 170; Connecticut 171; District of Colombia 171; Florida 172; Hawaii 172; Idaho 172; Illinois 173; Indiana 174; Louisiana 174; Massachusetts 174; Michigan 175; Minnesota 175; Mississippi 175; Montana 176; North Carolina 176; North Dakota 176; Nebraska 176; Nevada 177; New Jersey 180; New Mexico 180; New York 181; Ohio 181; Oklahoma 181; Oregon 182; Pennsylvannia 183; South Carolina 183; Tennessee 183; Texas 184; Utah 184; Virginia 185; Washington 185; West Virginia 186; Wisconsin 186; Wyoming 186; Proposed installations 193; Current industry outlook 198; Geothermal Resources of the USA 199; Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) 200; Direct use 203; Industrial process heat 204; Space heating 204; District heating 205; Fish farming 205; Greenhouse heating 205; Cooling and snow melting 205; Agricultural drying 205; Bathing and swimming 205; Federal government programmes / incentives 205; Geothermal energy research & development 212
7. Asia Pacific – 213: Australia 213; Geothermal power generation 213; Direct Use 220; Bangladesh 220; Geothermal energy data – power generation 220; China 221; Geothermal energy data – power generation 221; Direct Use 223; Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) 225; Fiji 226; Geothermal power generation 226; India 226; Geothermal energy statistics on power generation 226; Direct Use 228; Indonesia 229; Overview 229; Geothermal power generation 230; Resource Potential 232; Geothermal Plants 233; Field development and contractor status 236; Geothermal contracts concluded 240; Prices 240; Regional Autonomy 241; Law and Regulation – insufficient legal protection 242; Developments in 2006 245; Recent Developments 245; Barriers 246; Direct Use 246; Iran 247; Power generation from geothermal 247; Direct Use 248; Israel, Japan 248-249; Power generation from geothermal 249; Future Prospects 252; Government Support 252; Barriers 254; Direct Use 255; Jordan, Korea, People’s Republic of (North Korea) 255-256; Korea, South 256; Kyrgyzstan 257; Malaysia 257; Mongolia 257; Nepal 258; New Zealand 259; Geothermal power generation 259; Future development- geothermal energy analysis 263; Papua New Guinea 271; Geothermal power generation 271; Direct Use 271; Philippines 272; Overview 272; Geothermal power generation 273; Chronology of development of geothermal power in the Philippines 273; Geothermal Plants 278; Direct Use 282; Samoa 283; Tajikistan 283; Geothermal energy data – power generation 283; Direct Use 283; Taiwan 283; Geothermal power generation 283; Thailand 284; Geothermal energy data – power generation 284; Direct Use 284; Vanuatu 285; Vietnam 285; Geothermal power generation 285; Direct Use 285; Yemen 286; Geothermal energy data – power generation 286; Direct Use 286
8. Europe 287: Albania, Armenia 288; Geothermal power generation 288; Direct Use 288; Austria 289; Geothermal power generation 289; Direct Use 290; Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) 290; Belarus 291; Geothermal energy power generation 291; Direct Use 291; Belgium 291; Geothermal industry power generation 291; Direct Use 292; Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) 292; Bosnia 292; Geothermal energy power generation 292; Direct Use 292; Bulgaria 293; Geothermal industry power generation 293; Direct Use 293; Croatia 294; Geothermal market power generation 294; Direct Use 294; Czech Republic 295; Geothermal power generation 295; Direct Use 296; Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) 296; Denmark 296; Geothermal market power generation 296; Direct Use 297; Estonia 300; Geothermal power generation 300; Direct Use 300; Finland 301; Geothermal industry power generation 301; Direct Use 301; Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) 301; France 302; Geothermal energy power generation 302; Direct Use 304; Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) 304; Georgia 304; Geothermal power generation 304; Direct Use 304; Germany 305; Geothermal power generation 305; Direct Use 309; Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) 309; New Production Capacity 310; Greece 310; Geothermal energy data – power generation 310; Direct Use 311; Hungary 313; Geothermal power generation 313; Direct Use 313; Iceland 315; Geothermal energy data – power generation 315; New Production Capacity 317; Direct Use 319; Ireland 322; Geothermal power generation 322; Direct Use 322; Italy 323; Geothermal power generation 323; Direct Use 327; Latvia 329; Geothermal power generation 329; Direct Use 329; Lithuania 330; Geothermal power generation 330; Direct Use 330; Macedonia, Netherlands 330-331; Geothermal power generation 331; Direct Use 331; Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) 332; Norway 333; Geothermal power generation 333; Direct Use 333; Poland 333; Geothermal power generation 333; Direct Use 334; Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) 336; Portugal & the Azores, Romania 339; Geothermal power generation 339; Direct Use 340; Russian Federation 342; Geothermal power generation 342; Direct Use 345; Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) 345; Serbia 345; Geothermal power generation 345; Direct Use 346; Slovakia 346; Geothermal power generation 346; Direct Use 347; Slovenia 347; Geothermal energy facts – power generation 347; Direct Use 348; Spain 349; Geothermal power generation 349; Direct Use 350; Sweden 351; Geothermal energy facts – power generation 351; Direct Use 351; Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) 352; Switzerland 352; Geothermal power generation 352; Direct Use 352; Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) 353; Turkey 354; Overview 354; Geothermal energy facts – power generation 354; Direct Use 356; Ukraine 358; Geothermal power generation 358; Direct Use 359; United Kingdom 359; Geothermal power generation 359; Direct Use 360
9. Central America & Caribbean 362: Caribbean Islands 362; Geothermal energy facts – power generation 362; Direct Use 362; Costa Rica 363; Geothermal power generation 363; Future development- geothermal energy analysis 365; Direct Use 365; Dominica, El Salvador 366-367; Geothermal power generation 367; Future development- geothermal energy analysis 368; Direct Use 369; Grenada Guadeloupe (France) 369-370; Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua 371-374; Geothermal power generation 374; Future development- geothermal energy analysis 374; Economic benefits of geothermal energy for Nicaragua 375; Geothermal Master Plan for Nicaragua 375; Exploration Leases 375; Direct Use 377; St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia 377; Geothermal power generation 377
10. South America 379: Argentina; Bolivia 380; Brazil 381; Chile 381; Colombia 383; Ecuador; Peru 385; Venezuela 386; Geothermal power 381; Geothermal energy generation 383; Power generated from Geothermal 385; Geothermal power generation 386
11. Africa 387 – Geothermal power generation and direct use:: Geothermal energy generation:; Botswana 387; Comoros 388; Dijbouti 388; Egypt 388; Ethiopia 389; Kenya 391; Morocco 397; South Africa 398; Rwanda 398; South Sudan 399; Tanzania 399; Tunisia 399; Uganda 400; Zambia 401
12. Geothermal energy companies -manufacturers 402
13. Targets, subsidies and incentives 406
14. Sources and acknowledgements 424

ist of Tables- Geothermal Energy Statistics and Data

Table 2 1: Total geothermal capacity and use in 2010 31
Table 2 2: Worldwide geothermal status 32
Table 2 3: Geothermal resource type 42
Table 2 4: Description of geothermal resources 43
Table 2 5: Key geothermal energy data and figures for geothermal heat and power technologies 50
Table 3 1: Summary of regional geothermal use in 2010 57
Table 3 2: Top direct use countries 59
Table 3 3: Direct use of geothermal energy by country, 1995 to 2010 59
Table 3 4: Uses of direct thermal energy by type of use, capacity (MW), and utilisation (TJ), 1995 to Q1 2010 62
Table 3 5: Heat Pumps 64
Table 3 6: Number of Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) by major country 66
Table 3 7: Sales trend for heat pumps used as a heat source in 8 EU countries* followed by the EHPA 67
Table 3 8: Representative GSHP manufacturers in the European Union 68
Table 3 9: Annual Number of GSHPs Installed Units in Key European Markets 2003 to 2009E 69
Table 3 10: Quantity & Capacity of Ground-Source Heat Pumps in European Union, 2005 to 2009 70
Table 3 11: Top Six Countries Growth 2005 to 2010, Growth Hot Spots 74
Table 3 12: Leading countries in electric power generation with a capacity of more than 100 MWe 75
Table 3 13: National and regional geothermal power contributions 76
Table 3 14: Geothermal plants commissioned in 2009 and 2010 76
Table 3 15: Geothermal installed power capacity by country, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2007 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2015 forecast 80
Table 3 16: Geothermal plants by technology: units, capacity (MW) and average capacity 88
Table 4 1: Calpine geothermal plants 95
Table 4 2: Chevron’s geothermal assets 98
Table 4 3: Similarities and differences between oil and gas and geothermal 99
Table 4 4: Energy Development Corporation’s geothermal projects 101
Table 4 5: Hot Rock’s HAS geothermal resource assessments at its Australian site 104
Table 4 6: Hot Rock’s geothermal milestones 105
Table 4 7: Mighty River Power’s geothermal projects 106
Table 4 8: Nevada Geothermal Power’s geothermal projects 108
Table 4 9: Ormat’s geothermal projects under construction and under development as of July 2011 113
Table 4 10: Ram Power projects under development 120
Table 4 11: Terra-Gen’s geothermal power projects 123
Table 4 12: List of geothermal turbine manufacturers 134
Table 5 1: Direct Capital Costs, USD per kW installed capacity 136
Table 5 2: Costs of conventional geothermal binary cycle power plants in the US 136
Table 5 3: Unit cost of power, US cents per kWh 137
Table 5 4: Cost comparison of geothermal power, heating and CHP 137
Table 5 5: Operating and maintenance costs 139
Table 5 6: Capital cost comparisons by technology 140
Table 5 7: Geothermal projects funded by the World Bank, 2000 – 2010 145
Table 5 8: Geothermal projects registered under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) 146
Table 6 1: Average costs for common ground source heat pumps in Canadian provinces, CAD 150
Table 6 2: Incentives for ground source heat pumps at the provincial level, as of August 2010 151
Table 6 3: Geothermal power generation plants in Mexico 157
Table 6 4: Present and planned geothermal plants in Mexico 157
Table 6 5: US geothermal power plants brought on line in 2009 and 2010 163
Table 6 6: Total investment in geothermal in the US, 2009, USD million 190
Table 6 7: Geothermal Plants in the USA in April 2011 190
Table 6 8: Ongoing Projects in United States by phase, April 2011 193
Table 6 9: Ongoing Projects by State in US in terms of stage and announced planned capacity additions, March 2011 197
Table 6 10: US geothermal projects with priority status as of June 2011 198
Table 6 11: Approved US geothermal projects as of March 2011 198
Table 6 12: US geothermal heat pump shipments by model type, quantity, revenue and average price, 2009 201
Table 6 13: Utilisation of geothermal energy for direct heat in the US (excluding heat pumps) 204
Table 6 14: List of geothermal electricity department of Treasury Cash Grant Awardees 209
Table 6 15: Overview of state-level geothermal incentives in the US 211
Table 6 16: State incentives for geothermal indirect-use, direct-use, and heat pump incentives in the US 212
Table 7 1: Synopsis of the applicable legislation currently governing geothermal exploration activities in the various Australian States 215
Table 7 2: A summary of Commonwealth and State government grant options currently available to the Australian geothermal sector 216
Table 7 3: Grants awarded to companies developing geothermal projects in Australia, as of February 2010 218
Table 7 4: Forecast geothermal development costs in Australia, AUD per MW 219
Table 7 5: Utilisation of geothermal energy for electric power generation 222
Table 7 6: Total investment in geothermal in China, USD million 224
Table 7 7: Utilisation of geothermal energy for direct use (except heat pumps) 225
Table 7 8: Geothermal (ground source) heat pumps 226
Table 7 9: Future development- geothermal energy analysis Planning and Installation of geothermal plant for 10,000 MW ‘crash programme’ in Indonesia 231
Table 7 10: Indonesia geothermal proven reserves, MW, 1995 to 2005 232
Table 7 11: Indonesia geothermal proven reserves, MW 233
Table 7 12: Geothermal power generation plants in Indonesia 233
Table 7 13: Installed Geothermal Power Plants in Indonesia 234
Table 7 14: Numbers of well drilled in Indonesian Geothermal Area during 1974 to 2009 235
Table 7 15: Status of PT PLN projects as of December 2010 236
Table 7 16: PLN’s ESC prices 241
Table 7 17: Geothermal power plant development projects 243
Table 7 18: List of geothermal working areas that have ready to be offered through bidding process in Indonesia 244
Table 7 19: List of existing geothermal power plants in Japan 250
Table 7 20: Installed renewable energy capacity accredited under the RPS law in Japan as of July 2010 253
Table 7 21: Historical Changes in NZ Geothermal Electricity Generation Capacity 261
Table 7 22: Projects under development in New Zealand 262
Table 7 23: Geothermal systems identified in New Zealand 263
Table 7 24: Assessment of geothermal potential in New Zealand 264
Table 7 25: Utilisation of geothermal energy for electric power generation in Papua New Guinea 271
Table 7 26: Utilisation of geothermal energy for electric power generation in the Philippines 276
Table 8 1: Geothermal power plants in Austria 289
Table 8 2: Utilisation of geothermal for direct heat 295
Table 8 3: Utilisation of geothermal energy for electric power generation in France 302
Table 8 4: Geothermal power plants in Germany 306
Table 8 5: Status of geothermal projects in Germany 306
Table 8 6: Utilisation of geothermal energy for direct heat in Greece 311
Table 8 7: Geothermal power generation plants in Iceland 316
Table 8 8: Geothermal energy for electric power generation in Iceland 317
Table 8 9: Projects in development in Iceland 318
Table 8 10: Utilisation of geothermal energy for direct heat in Iceland 321
Table 8 11: Geothermal power generation plants in Italy 324
Table 8 12: Utilisation of geothermal energy for electric power generation in Italy 324
Table 8 13: Targets, national and regional objectives for direct use geothermal in Italy 328
Table 8 14: Geothermal energy for direct heat in the Netherlands 332
Table 8 15: Utilisation of geothermal energy for direct heat (other than heat pumps) in Poland 335
Table 8 16: Geothermal power generation plants in The Azores, Portugal 336
Table 8 17: Geothermal energy for electric power generation in Portugal* 337
Table 8 18: Utilisation of geothermal energy for direct heat in Portugal (other than heat pumps) 338
Table 8 19: Utilisation of geothermal energy for direct heat in Romania (other than heat pumps) 340
Table 8 20: Utilisation of geothermal energy in Russia for power generation 343
Table 8 21:Geothermal energy for direct heat (other than heat pumps) 350
Table 8 22: Geothermal power plants in Turkey 355
Table 8 23: Turkish feed-in tariffs 355
Table 8 24: Turkey’s district heating systems 357
Table 8 25: Geothermal greenhouse heating in Turkey 358
Table 9 1: Present and planned production of electricity in Costa Rica 364
Table 9 2: Power generation plants in El Salvador 367
Table 9 3: Utilisation of geothermal energy for electric power generation in El Salvador 367
Table 9 4: Geothermal power generation plants in Guatemala 371
Table 9 5: Geothermal lease areas in Nicaragua 376
Table 9 6: Projects in the development stages in Nicaragua, 2010 376
Table 10 1: Planned geothermal plants in Chile 382
Table 10 2: Feed-in tariffs in Ecuador 384
Table 11 1: Milestones for the Olkaria power plants in Kenya 392
Table 11 2: Summary of planned power plant developments 395
Table 11 3: KenGen ongoing projects with completion expected in the short-term 395
Table 11 4: Planned transmission projects in Kenya 396
Table 12 1: Geothermal manufactures 402
Table 13: Worldwide incentives for geothermal projects 406

List of Figures- Geothermal Energy Statistics and Data

Figure 2 1: Capacity factors for different renewable energy technologies 31
Figure 2 2: Various geothermal uses, including power generation and direct-use, related to their appropriate temperature range 33
Figure 2 3: Direct-use applications of geothermal energy 34
Figure 2 4: Leading Countries for Direct Use in MW, 2010 35
Figure 2 5: GSHP principles 36
Figure 2 6: Loop designs for GSHP 37
Figure 2 7: Commercial application of ground source heat pumps 37
Figure 2 8: Geothermal power plant 38
Figure 2 9: Schematic Diagram of a Dry Steam Power Plant 39
Figure 2 10: Flash Steam Power Plant 39
Figure 2 11: The CalEnergy Navy I flash geothermal power plant at the Coso geothermal field 40
Figure 2 12: Binary Cycle geothermal power plant 40
Figure 2 13: The Mammoth Pacific binary geothermal power plants at the Casa Diablo geothermal field 41
Figure 2 14: Comparison of geothermal technologies 42
Figure 2 15: Volcanic Geothermal 45
Figure 2 16: Hot Sedimentary Aquifer (HSA) 46
Figure 2 17: Enhanced Geothermal System 47
Figure 2 18: Hot Fractured Rock (HFR) 48
Figure 2 19: Heat map indicating areas with temperatures suitable for EGS development 49
Figure 2 20: The schematic layout of the Soultz-sous-Forêts HDR plant 50
Figure 2 21: Example of cascaded geothermal resource for multiple uses 52
Figure 2 22: The geothermal resource 54
Figure 2 23: World high temperature geothermal areas 55
Figure 2 24: Geothermal resource utilisation potential 56
Figure 3 1: Development of direct use of geothermal energy, MWt, 1995 to 2010 57
Figure 3 2: Development of geothermal direct use capacity by region, MW, 1995 to 2010 58
Figure 3 3: Top ten countries in terms of installed direct use geothermal capacity 58
Figure 3 4: Share of direct use capacity by segment, 1995, 2005 and 2010 62
Figure 3 5: Estimated global long term forecast of installed capacity for direct use geothermal, GWth, 2020 to 2100 63
Figure 3 6: Roadmap vision of direct use of geothermal heat by region, excluding ground source heat pumps, EJ per year, 2010 to 2050 64
Figure 3 7: Annual Number of Installed GSHPs Units in the top five European Markets 2003 to 2009E 70
Figure 3 8: Installed GSHP and geothermal heat capacity, MWt, 2005 to 2010 71
Figure 3 9: Average GSHP size in Europe, kW, 2005 to 2009 72
Figure 3 10: Geothermal heat pump stage of market development 72
Figure 3 11: Indication of IPCC SSREN projection of global geothermal heat produced by ground source heat pumps up to 2050, EJ per year, 2010 to 2050 73
Figure 3 12: Development of geothermal power generation capacity, MW, 1990 to 2010 73
Figure 3 13: Development of geothermal power generation capacity by region, MW, 1990 to 2010 74
Figure 3 14: Geothermal power generation installed capacity in countries with more than 100 MW installed, 2000, 2005 and 2010 78
Figure 3 15: Top ten countries in terms of projected new capacity additions, MW, 2010 to 2015 79
Figure 3 16: Installed capacity in the top ten markets, MW, 1990 to 2015 80
Figure 3 17: Geothermal markets driving geothermal growth 82
Figure 3 18: Installed geothermal capacity worldwide, end 2009 83
Figure 3 19: Forecasting the installed capacity in 2015 83
Figure 3 20: Electricity generating capacity from geothermal energy, MW, 1975 to 2015 84
Figure 3 21: Actual and projected installed geothermal electrical capacity, 1995 – 2100 85
Figure 3 22: Actual and projected growth in global installed geothermal capacity, GW, 1995 to 2100 85
Figure 3 23: Projected installed geothermal capacity to 2030, GW 86
Figure 3 24: Growth of geothermal power capacities by technology, GW, 2010 to 2050 86
Figure 3 25: Potential geothermal energy resources split into categories e.g. theoretical, technical, economic, developable and existing supplies for power generation and direct use 87
Figure 3 26: Geothermal plant installed capacity by technology 88
Figure 4 1: Operating capacity of developers of geothermal projects 90
Figure 4 2: Location of Alterra Power Corporation’s electricity generation assets in operation or under development 91
Figure 4 3: Alterra’s planned rollout of renewable energy projects, MW, 2010 to 2016 92
Figure 4 4: Conceptual geothermal production capacity growth in Iceland, MW, 2010 to 2016 93
Figure 4 5: Production of electricity from Calpine’s geyser geothermal projects 95
Figure 4 6: Calpine’s geothermal plants 96
Figure 4 7: Chevron’s geothermal assets 98
Figure 4 8: Location of Contact Energy’s projects under development 100
Figure 4 9: Contact Energy’s planned CAPEX investments 101
Figure 4 10: Gradient Resources’ geothermal power project pipeline 103
Figure 4 11: Hot Rock’s geothermal projects 104
Figure 4 12: Location of Mighty River Power’s New Zealand geothermal assets 106
Figure 4 13: Mighty River Project’s projects in the US and Chile through GeoGlobal Energy and EnergySource 107
Figure 4 14: Nevada Geothermal Power’s geothermal projects under development 108
Figure 4 15: Nevada Geothermal Power’s Blue Mountain leases 110
Figure 4 16: Ormat’s projects worldwide as of September 2010 111
Figure 4 17: Panax Geothermal’s geothermal projects 116
Figure 4 18: Ram Power geothermal projects in North America 120
Figure 4 19: Location of Terra-Gen Power’s electric generation assets 123
Figure 4 20: Location of Geodynamics’ Cooper Basin geothermal projects 125
Figure 4 21: Comparison of the two types of projects Geodynamics is developing 126
Figure 4 22: GreenFire Energy’s CO2ETM technology 127
Figure 4 23: Halliburton’s geothermal projects worldwide 129
Figure 4 24: Iceland Drilling’s drilling fleet 130
Figure 4 25: Potter Drilling’s technology 131
Figure 5 1: Financing for a geothermal electric project for a 20 MW site, EUR million 139
Figure 5 2: Investment cost of renewable energy technologies, USD 1,000 per MW 141
Figure 5 3: Current estimate cost of 100 MW geothermal development 142
Figure 5 4: Completed geothermal well costs as a function of depth 142
Figure 5 5: Renewable Energy cost trend for geothermal, USD 2005 144
Figure 5 6: Range of reduction of average levelised costs of electricity production in hydrothermal flash plants and binary plants, USD per MWh, 2010 to 2050 144
Figure 6 1: Map showing example of in-place geothermal energy for 6-7 km depth across Canada 147
Figure 6 2: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Canada, MW 149
Figure 6 3: Units of ground source heat pumps installed per year in Canada 151
Figure 6 4: Development of Geothermal Capacity in Mexico, MW 154
Figure 6 5: Total investment in geothermal in Mexico, USD million 156
Figure 6 6: Location of main geothermal fields, zones and sites in Mexico 157
Figure 6 7: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Mexico, MW 159
Figure 6 8: Development of Geothermal Capacity in the United States, MW 160
Figure 6 9: Geothermal generating capacity online in USA by state, MW, April 2011 161
Figure 6 10: NCPA Power Plant 2 at the Geysers, Winter 2005 162
Figure 6 11: New installed geothermal capacity in the USA, MW, 2005 to 2010 163
Figure 6 12: Total number of confirmed geothermal projects and prospects in the US, April 2006 to 2011 163
Figure 6 13: Capacity by project stage in the US, MW 164
Figure 6 14: Number of projects at stages 1 to 4 by US state 165
Figure 6 15: Projects in the advanced phase of development by US state, MW 165
Figure 6 16: Projects in the advanced phase of development in the US, MW, 2006 to 2011 166
Figure 6 17: Operating and installed geothermal capacity in the US by operator, MW 187
Figure 6 18: US operating and development of capacity of major industry participants 188
Figure 6 19: Project capacity in the US at stage 4 by operator, MW 189
Figure 6 20: Projected installed geothermal capacity in the US, MW, 2011 to 2017 189
Figure 6 21: Geothermal Resources in the United States 199
Figure 6 22: Units geothermal heat pump shipments in the United States, 1999 to 2009 200
Figure 6 23: US sales of GSHP units per year, 1999 to 2010E 200
Figure 6 24: US geothermal heat pump shipments by model type, units, 2000 to 2009 202
Figure 6 25: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in the United States, MW 203
Figure 6 26: US geothermal direct use projects and resource areas 203
Figure 6 27: Geothermal Technologies Programme’s ARRA funding 206
Figure 6 28: State or Federal Renewable Standards as of June 2011 211
Figure 7 1: Development of Geothermal Capacity in Australia, MW 213
Figure 7 2: Estimated crustal temperature at 5 km depth 214
Figure 7 3: Australian geothermal licence areas and acreage releases at January 2011 215
Figure 7 4: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Australia, MW 220
Figure 7 5: Development of Geothermal Capacity in China, MW 221
Figure 7 6: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in China, MW 223
Figure 7 7: Geothermal provinces in India 227
Figure 7 8: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in India, MW 228
Figure 7 9: Development of Geothermal Capacity in Indonesia, MW 229
Figure 7 10: Geothermal in Indonesia 230
Figure 7 11: Geothermal resources in Indonesia 232
Figure 7 12: Location map of Indonesian Geothermal Resources and its installed capacity 235
Figure 7 13: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Indonesia, MW 247
Figure 7 14: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Iran, MW 248
Figure 7 15: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Israel, MW 248
Figure 7 16: Development of Geothermal Capacity in Japan, MW 249
Figure 7 17: Geothermal power generation plants in Japan 251
Figure 7 18: Location of geothermal resources 254
Figure 7 19: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Japan, Jordan, Korea Nepal, New Zealand, MW 255-259
Figure 7 25: Historical and projected growth in geothermal electricity generation in New Zealand 260
Figure 7 26: Total investments in geothermal in New Zealand, USD million 264
Figure 7 27: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in New Zealand, MW 265
Figure 7 28: Utilisation of geothermal energy for direct heat (other than heat pumps) in New Zealand 266
Figure 7 29: Geothermal direct heat uses in New Zealand, MW 266
Figure 7 30: Map showing the main uses of geothermal fluids in New Zealand, and showing the five geothermal regions 267
Figure 7 31: Assessment of restricted geothermal potential 268
Figure 7 32: Map of New Zealand geothermal fields 269
Figure 7 33: Map of geothermal fields in the Taupo Volcanic Zone 270
Figure 7 34: Development of Geothermal Capacity in Papua New Guinea, MW 271
Figure 7 35: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Papua New Guinea, MW 272
Figure 7 36: Development of Geothermal Capacity in the Philippines, MW 273
Figure 7 37: Geothermal Service Contract Areas of the Philippines 275
Figure 7 38: Location map of producing geothermal areas in the Philippines 276
Figure 7 39: Identified geothermal prospects for advance exploration and/or field development 281
Figure 7 40: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in the Philippines, MW 282
Figure 7 41: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Tajikistan, MW 283
Figure 7 42: Development of Geothermal Capacity in Thailand, MW 284
Figure 7 43: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Thailand, Vietnam, Yemen, Albania, Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, MW285- 297
Figure 8 12: Geothermal licences in Denmark 298
Figure 8 13: Map showing the existing plant locations and the principal structural elements in Denmark 299
Figure 8 14: Total investment in geothermal in Denmark, USD million 300
Figure 8 15: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Estonia, MW 301
Figure 8 16: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Finland, MW 301
Figure 8 17: Development of Geothermal Capacity in France MW 302
Figure 8 18: Soultz-sous-Forêts Project Overview 303
Figure 8 19: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in France, MW 304
Figure 8 20: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Georgia, MW 305
Figure 8 21: Development of Geothermal Capacity in Germany, MW 305
Figure 8 22: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Germany, Greece, Hungary, MW 309-313
Figure 8 25: Development of Geothermal Capacity in Iceland, MW 315
Figure 8 26: Installed capacity and generation in public power plants in Iceland, MW per GWh per percent, 2000 to 2009 316
Figure 8 27: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Iceland, MW 319
Figure 8 28: One of the geothermally heated swimming pools in Iceland 320
Figure 8 29: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Ireland, MW 322
Figure 8 30: Development of Geothermal Capacity in Italy, MW 323
Figure 8 31: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia Netherlands, Norway, Poland, MW 327-334
Figure 8 38: Geothermal sites in Poland 334
Figure 8 39: Development of Geothermal Capacity in Portugal & the Azores, MW 336
Figure 8 40: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Portugal & the Azores, MW 338
Figure 8 41: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Romania, MW 340
Figure 8 42: Development of Geothermal Capacity in the Russian Federation, MW 342
Figure 8 43: Some geothermal areas in the Russian Federation 344
Figure 8 44: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Russia, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, MW 346-348
Figure 8 48: Localities with geothermal direct heat use in Slovenia 349
Figure 8 49: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey Turkey, MW 350-356
Figure 8 54: Locations of major geothermal fields, district heating and greenhouse installations and young volcanoes 358
Figure 8 55: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in the Ukraine, MW 359
Figure 8 56: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in the United Kingdom, MW 360
Figure 9 1: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power on the Caribbean Islands, MW 362
Figure 9 2: Development of Geothermal Capacity in Costa Rica, MW 363
Figure 9 3: Geothermal resources in Costa Rica 364
Figure 9 4: Map of geothermal development in Costa Rica 365
Figure 9 5: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Costa Rica, MW 366
Figure 9 6: Development of Geothermal Capacity in El Salvador, MW 367
Figure 9 7: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in El Salvador, MW 369
Figure 9 8: Development of Geothermal Capacity in Guatemala, MW 370
Figure 9 9: Geothermal fields in Guatemala 371
Figure 9 10: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Guatemala, MW 372
Figure 9 11: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Honduras, MW 373
Figure 9 12: Development of Geothermal Capacity in Nicaragua, MW 374
Figure 10 1: Development of Geothermal Capacity in Argentina, MW 379
Figure 10 2: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela, Algeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, MW. 380-390
Figure 11 5: Development of Geothermal Capacity in Kenya, MW 391
Figure 11 6: Geothermal areas in the East African Rift Valley 393
Figure 11 7: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Kenya, Morocco, South Africa, Tunisia, MW. 383-400