Energy Efficiency Report– The New Fuel – Market Research Table of Contents

Below is the table of contents for NRG Expert’s energy efficiency market research report.This report outlines information on how to be energy efficient in the global market place, including details of the major energy consumers, government energy policies and incentives, and key companies in the energy efficiency industry. As well as the energy efficiency report we also provide key data from our energy database and energy consultancy including market forecasts and if required, bespoke energy efficiency analysis.

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1… Executive Summary of the Energy Efficiency Market Research. 9
2… Energy Efficiency Market Research Background. 11: Market basket approach. 12; Comprehensive approach. 13; Factorial decomposition approach. 13; Divisia Index Approach. 13; Best practice approach. 13
3… Power generation. 37: Energy Efficiency Sectors. 36; Combined heat and power (CHP) 41; Demand. 43; Industrial 44; Iron and steel 48; Cement 48; Chemicals. 48; Transportation. 50; Automobile. 51; Aviation. 57; Commercial 57; Residential 60
4… Barriers. 67
5… Energy Efficient Products. 69: Power generation. 69; Transportation sector 76; Residential, industrial and commercial industries. 78; Demand response management (demand management) 83; HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) controls. 85; Insulation. 87; Lighting. 88; Lighting daylight phasing control 96; Lighting occupancy control 101; Remote energy controls. 102; Variable speed devices (VSD) 103; Voltage power optimisation. 103; Other 104; Multinational companies with multiple energy efficiency products. 107; Energy efficient models of conventional products. 120; Data centres. 120; Dryers. 121; Heating and cooling. 121; Windows and glass. 127
6… Financials. 128
7… Government energy incentives. 130
8… Energy Efficiency Markets. 139
9… North America energy policies and status. 141: Canada. 141; Mexico. 142; United States. 142
10… Europe energy policies and status. 160: Energy polices in selected European countries. 161; Austria. 161; Belgium.. 161; Bulgaria. 161; Croatia. 162; Czech Republic. 162; Denmark. 162; Finland. 163; France. 163; Germany. 165; Greece. 166; Hungary. 166; Iceland. 167; Ireland. 167; Italy. 168; Latvia. 169; Lithuania. 169; Luxembourg. 170; Malta. 171; Netherlands. 171; Norway. 171; Poland. 172; Portugal 173; Russia. 173; Serbia. 174; Slovakia. 174; Slovenia. 174; Spain. 174; Sweden. 175; Switzerland. 175; Turkey. 176; United Kingdom.. 177
11… Asia and Middle East energy policies and status. 180: Australia. 180; China. 181; India. 188; Israel 193; Indonesia. 193; Japan. 193; Lebanon. 195; New Zealand. 195; South Korea. 197; Sri Lanka. 197; Syria. 198; Thailand. 198; Vietnam.. 198
12… South America energy policies and status. 199: Argentina. 199; Brazil 199; Colombia. 199; Uruguay. 199
13… Africa energy policies and status. 200: Algeria. 200; Egypt 200; Ethiopia. 200; Ghana. 200; Nigeria. 200; Mozambique. 200; South Africa. 200; Yemen. 201
14… Energy audits. 202
15… Projections. 208
16… Sources. 211

Tables

Table 2.1: Top ten and bottom ten countries in terms of energy intensity, 2008. 11
Table 2.2: Primary energy demand by region in the IEA’s World Energy Outlook reference scenario, Mtoe 20
Table 3.1: Type of manufacturing industry group. 47
Table 3.2: Regulations on fuel economy and CO2 emissions in the US and EU. 51
Table 3.3: Key differences between PHEVs and BEVs. 54
Table 3.4: Breakdown of energy efficiency projects installed at the Frimley Park Hospital NHS Foundation Trust 59
Table 4.1: Examples of options for financing energy efficiency equipment 67
Table 5.1: Ormat’s recovered energy generation projects. 73
Table 5.2: Electricity consumption and potential electrical energy savings in the UK service sector 89
Table 5.3: Comparison of Lemnis Pharox bulbs to existing light bulbs. 94
Table 5.4: Comparison of Lumiette’s XCELLUME™ with compact fluorescent lighting. 95
Table 5.5: Comparison of Lumiette’s XCELLUME™ with incandescent lighting. 96
Table 5.6: GE’s energy efficient products. 109
Table 5.7: Coolerado air conditioning products. 124
Table 7.1: Energy savings targets in European countries. 132
Table 7.2: Energy savings targets in non-European countries. 134
Table 7.3: Subsidies (S) or soft loan (SL) by energy efficiency equipment 136
Table 7.4: Subsidies (S) or soft loans (SL) by sector 137
Table 9.1: US tax credits for energy efficient products. 146
Table 9.2: US rules, regulations and policies for energy efficiency. 153
Table 9.3: US financial incentives for energy efficiency. 155
Table 11.1: Selected 11th five year plan energy efficiency targets. 183
Table 11.2: Key policies and initiatives implemented since 2004. 185
Table 14.1: Countries with mandatory energy audits, managers, consumption reporting and energy savings plans 202
Table 14.2: Energy audits and subsidies in Europe and the rest of the world. 205

Figures

Figure 2.1: Energy productivity decomposes into multiple components. 12
Figure 2.2: Worldwide energy intensity using market exchange rates, Btu, per USD GDP (2005), 1980 to 2008 14
Figure 2.3: Worldwide primary energy consumption, Quadrillion Btu, 1980 to 2008. 14
Figure 2.4: Energy intensity by region using market exchange rates, Btu, per USD GDP (2005), 1980, 1990, 2000 and 2008 15
Figure 2.5: Percentage contribution of services, industry and agriculture to the country’s GDP in low-income, middle-income and high-income countries, 1970 to 2001. 15
Figure 2.6: Primary energy consumption by region, Quadrillion Btu, 1980, 1990, 2000 and 2008. 16
Figure 2.7: Energy intensity by region using market exchange rates, Btu, per USD GDP (2005), 1980 to 2008 17
Figure 2.8: Total primary energy consumption of the top ten consuming countries, 1980 to 2008, quadrillion Btu 17
Figure 2.9: Energy intensity of the top five energy consuming countries using market exchange rates, Btu, per USD GDP (2005), 1980 to 2008. 18
Figure 2.10: Energy intensity of the top six to ten energy consuming countries as of 2008 using market exchange rates, Btu, per USD GDP (2005), 1980 to 2008. 19
Figure 2.11: World primary energy demand by fuel in the IEA’s reference scenario. 19
Figure 2.12: Actual and projected energy productivity by region, Billion USD GDP per Quadrillion Btu, 1980 to 2020 21
Figure 2.13: Forecast of delivered energy demand growth, 2003 to 2020. 21
Figure 2.14: Global CO2 emissions from the consumption of energy, million tonnes, 1980 to 2009. 22
Figure 2.15: World energy-related CO2 emissions for the IEA’s World Energy Outlook 2008 and 2009 scenarios 22
Figure 2.16: CO2 emissions from the consumption of energy in the top five emitting countries, 1980 to 2009, million tonnes 23
Figure 2.17: CO2 emissions from the consumption of energy by region, 1980, 1990, 2000 and 2009, million tonnes 24
Figure 2.18: Carbon intensity from the consumption of energy by region, tonnes of CO2per thousand USD GDP (2005 USD), 1980, 1990, 2000 and 2009. 24
Figure 2.19: Carbon intensity from the consumption of energy for the top five CO2emitting countries, tonnes of CO2 per thousand USD GDP (2005 USD), 1980 to 2009. 25
Figure 2.20: Global carbon intensity from the consumption of energy, tonnes of CO2 per thousand USD GDP (2005 USD), 1980 to 2009. 26
Figure 2.21: Global carbon emissions per capita, tonnes CO2 per capita, 1980 to 2009. 26
Figure 2.22: Global carbon emissions per capita, tonnes CO2 per capita, 1980 to 2009. 27
Figure 2.23: Carbon emissions per capita for the top five carbon emitters, tonnes CO2per capita, 1980 to 2009 27
Figure 2.24: Per-capita energy-related CO2 emissions in the IEA’s World Energy Outlook reference scenario 28
Figure 2.25: Change in economic productivity of electricity use: California vs. other 49 states. 29
Figure 2.26: Change in per capita electricity use: California vs. other 49 states. 29
Figure 2.27: Cost Comparison of energy efficiency and electricity investments, average USD cents per kWh 30
Figure 2.28: Responses to the question ‘How significant are the following in your organisation’s energy efficiency decisions?’ 32
Figure 2.29: Responses to the question ‘Which of the following energy efficiency measures has your company/organisation adopted in the last 12 months?’ 33
Figure 2.30: Findings for US major survey on most promising and already deployed technologies for reducing energy use and carbon emissions, % cities. 34
Figure 3.1: Projected increase in energy demand by sector, quadrillion btu, 2005 and 2030. 36
Figure 3.2: Projected world final energy consumption by fuel and sector in the IEA’s reference scenario 37
Figure 3.3: Global electricity generation based on gross output, TWh, 1990 to 2010. 38
Figure 3.4: Economics of electricity. 38
Figure 3.5: Natural gas prices, USD per million Btu, 1984 to 2010. 39
Figure 3.6: Coal prices, USD per tonne, 1987 to 2010. 40
Figure 3.7: CHP technologies and markets. 43
Figure 3.8: Gross output in the top five generating countries and the rest of world, TWh, 1990 to 2010. 44
Figure 3.9: Breakdown of energy use by individual energy users in the industrial sector 44
Figure 3.10: Average industrial electricity prices in the European Union, EUR per kWh, 2005 to 2007. 45
Figure 3.11: Average industrial gas prices in the European Union, EUR per Gigajoule, 2005 to 2007. 45
Figure 3.12: Energy consumption by industrial sector, quadrillion btu, 2005 and 2030. 46
Figure 3.13: Industry energy-related CO2 emissions by sub-sector in the IEA’s World Energy Outlook reference scenario 48
Figure 3.14: Crude oil spot prices, USD per barrel, 1972 to 2010. 50
Figure 3.15: Energy efficiency improvements in the transportation sector 52
Figure 3.16: Comparison of different electric power train configurations. 53
Figure 3.17: Projected personal versus commercial energy consumption by the transportation, million oil equivalent barrels per day, 2005 and 2030. 55
Figure 3.18: Projected vehicle penetration in China, OECD Europe and the United States, million, 2005 and 2030 56
Figure 3.19: Passenger light-duty vehicle fleet and ownership rates in key regions in the IEA reference scenario 56
Figure 3.20: Average CO2 intensity of new light-duty vehicles by region in the IEA reference scenario. 57
Figure 3.21: Breakdown of energy use by individual energy users in the commercial sector 58
Figure 3.22: Breakdown of energy use by individual energy users in the residential sector 60
Figure 3.23: Average residential electricity prices in the European Union, EUR per kWh, 2005 to 2007. 61
Figure 3.24: Average domestic electricity prices in the European Union, EUR per Gigajoule, 2005 to 2007 61
Figure 3.25: End use electricity prices for households, USD per kWh, 2001 to 2009. 62
Figure 3.26: US building energy end use splits, % of total end use, 2010 and 2020. 63
Figure 3.27: Break down of cost sources for the average US electricity bill 64
Figure 3.28: US energy-efficiency supply curve to 2020. 65
Figure 3.29: Portfolio representing cost, experience and potential of clusters possible with specified solution strategies 66
Figure 3.30: Residential energy use for OECD and non-OECD countries, million btus per household, 2005 and 2030 66
Figure 4.1: Energy services agreement 68
Figure 5.1: Typical conventional central generation power plant 69
Figure 5. 2: Typical co-generation ‘combined heat and power’ plant 70
Figure 5.3: Echogen Power Systems’ ScCO2 Power Generating Cycle 200kWe – 300kWe (net) Heat Engine System 71
Figure 5.4: Organic Rankine Cycle. 72
Figure 5.5: Waste heat recovery. 75
Figure 5.6: Ecomotors’ opposition-piston opposed-cylinder engine. 76
Figure 5.44: Illustrative cost/benefit to implement hybridisation technologies. 78
Figure 5.47: XL Hybrid technology. 78
Figure 5.7: Energy harvesting wireless sensor solution from EnOcean. 80
Figure 5.8: Energy harvesting wireless sensor network. 80
Figure 5.9: PassivSystems products. 81
Figure 5.10: eMonitorTM c-Series system.. 83
Figure 5.11: BuildingIQ in action. 86
Figure 5.12: Cost savings and CO2 savings for different energy efficient and renewable technologies. 87
Figure 5.13: Average project payback time for different energy efficient building products in years. 89
Figure 5.14: SD250 model 91
Figure 5.15: SD10 model 91
Figure 5.16: S1 model 92
Figure 5.17: EcoFit module. 93
Figure 5.18: Encelium Energy Control System™ (ECS™) 99
Figure 5.19: Redwood Systems lighting platform.. 101
Figure 5.20: Tenrehte Technologies’ PICOwatt® device. 102
Figure 5.21: Modlet 103
Figure 5.22: Snapshot of the GridConnect dashboard. 114
Figure 5.23: Calmac’s ICEBANK®.. 122
Figure 5.24: How the Coolerado works. 123
Figure 5.25: Ice Bear system.. 126
Figure 6.1: Global total new investment in clean energy, USD billion, 2005 to 2010. 128
Figure 6.2: Investment by country in the G-20, USD billion, 2010. 129
Figure 6.3: Investment by country and sector, USD billion, 2010. 129
Figure 7.1: Total stimulus funding to date by technology, USD billion, 2010. 130
Figure 7.2: Global stimulus funding and spending on clean energy, USD billion, 2009 to 2013. 130
Figure 7.3: Clean stimulus funds spent and remaining at the end of 2010, USD billion. 131
Figure 8.1: Percentage of companies in the Siemens’ survey that confirm that over half of their business equipment is energy efficient 139
Figure 8.2: Percentage of companies in Siemens survey delaying further investment in energy efficient equipment on funding grounds. 140
Figure 9.1: State energy budgets for alternative energy as of March 2011, % and USD million. 143
Figure 9.2: Breakdown of funding for clean energy through the State Energy Program (SEP) by US census region, USD million. 144
Figure 9.3: State Energy Program (SEP) funding for energy efficiency in building by sector, USD million 144
Figure 9.4: Energy savings and vehicle greenhouse gas emissions avoided through the US ENERGY STAR programme 152
Figure 9.5: Energy efficiency resources standards in the US, March 2011. 158
Figure 9.6: Utility customer funded budgets for energy efficiency projects in 2010 and estimated for 2020 158
Figure 9.7: Historical and projected energy use and CO2 per unit GDP and energy use per capita in the US, 1980 to 2035 159
Figure 11.1: Zone and building codes in China. 187
Figure 11.2: Growth of green buildings in India, 2002 to 2009. 189
Figure 15.1: Global energy use per GDP, actual and Exxon projection, million Btu per thousand USD of GDP (2005 USD) 208
Figure 15.2: Projected energy demand until 2030 for a 1.2% efficiency gains scenario and no efficiency gains scenario, quadrillion btu. 209
Figure 15.3: Abatement measures anticipated to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to the 450 scenario level by 2030, Gt, 2007 to 2030. 210