Energy Efficiency Table of Contents

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1… Executive Summary. 9
2… Background. 11: Market basket approach. 12; Comprehensive approach. 13; Factorial decomposition approach. 13; Divisia Index Approach. 13; Best practice approach. 13
3… Sectors. 36: Power generation. 37; Combined heat and power (CHP) 41; Demand. 43; Industrial 44; Iron and steel 48; Cement 48; Chemicals. 48; Transportation. 50; Automobile. 51; Aviation. 57; Commercial 57; Residential 60
4… Barriers. 67
5… Products. 69: Power generation. 69; Transportation sector 76; Residential, industrial and commercial industries. 78; Demand response management (demand management) 83; HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) controls. 85; Insulation. 87; Lighting. 88; Lighting daylight phasing control 96; Lighting occupancy control 101; Remote energy controls. 102; Variable speed devices (VSD) 103; Voltage power optimisation. 103; Other 104; Multinational companies with multiple energy efficiency products. 107; Energy efficient models of conventional products. 120; Data centres. 120; Dryers. 121; Heating and cooling. 121; Windows and glass. 127
6… Financials. 128
7… Government incentives. 130
8… Markets. 139
9… North America policies and status. 141: Canada. 141; Mexico. 142; United States. 142
10… Europe policies and status. 160: Polices in selected European countries. 161; Austria. 161; Belgium.. 161; Bulgaria. 161; Croatia. 162; Czech Republic. 162; Denmark. 162; Finland. 163; France. 163; Germany. 165; Greece. 166; Hungary. 166; Iceland. 167; Ireland. 167; Italy. 168; Latvia. 169; Lithuania. 169; Luxembourg. 170; Malta. 171; Netherlands. 171; Norway. 171; Poland. 172; Portugal 173; Russia. 173; Serbia. 174; Slovakia. 174; Slovenia. 174; Spain. 174; Sweden. 175; Switzerland. 175; Turkey. 176; United Kingdom.. 177
11… Asia and Middle East policies and status. 180: Australia. 180; China. 181; India. 188; Israel 193; Indonesia. 193; Japan. 193; Lebanon. 195; New Zealand. 195; South Korea. 197; Sri Lanka. 197; Syria. 198; Thailand. 198; Vietnam.. 198
12… South America policies and status. 199: Argentina. 199; Brazil 199; Colombia. 199; Uruguay. 199
13… Africa policies and status. 200: Algeria. 200; Egypt 200; Ethiopia. 200; Ghana. 200; Nigeria. 200; Mozambique. 200; South Africa. 200; Yemen. 201
14… Energy audits. 202
15… Projections. 208
16… Sources. 211

Tables

Table 2.1: Top ten and bottom ten countries in terms of energy intensity, 2008. 11
Table 2.2: Primary energy demand by region in the IEA’s World Energy Outlook reference scenario, Mtoe 20
Table 3.1: Type of manufacturing industry group. 47
Table 3.2: Regulations on fuel economy and CO₂ emissions in the US and EU. 51
Table 3.3: Key differences between PHEVs and BEVs. 54
Table 3.4: Breakdown of energy savings projects installed at the Frimley Park Hospital NHS Foundation Trust 59
Table 4.1: Examples of options for financing energy efficiency equipment 67
Table 5.1: Ormat’s recovered energy generation projects. 73
Table 5.2: Electricity consumption and potential electrical energy savings in the UK service sector 89
Table 5.3: Comparison of Lemnis Pharox bulbs to existing light bulbs. 94
Table 5.4: Comparison of Lumiette’s XCELLUME™ with compact fluorescent lighting. 95
Table 5.5: Comparison of Lumiette’s XCELLUME™ with incandescent lighting. 96
Table 5.6: GE’s energy efficient products. 109
Table 5.7: Coolerado air conditioning products. 124
Table 7.1: Energy savings targets in European countries. 132
Table 7.2: Energy savings targets in non-European countries. 134
Table 7.3: Subsidies (S) or soft loan (SL) by energy efficiency equipment 136
Table 7.4: Subsidies (S) or soft loans (SL) by sector 137
Table 9.1: US tax credits for energy efficient products. 146
Table 9.2: US rules, regulations and policies for energy efficiency. 153
Table 9.3: US financial incentives for energy efficiency. 155
Table 11.1: Selected 11th five year plan energy efficiency targets. 183
Table 11.2: Key policies and initiatives implemented since 2004. 185
Table 14.1: Countries with mandatory energy audits, managers, consumption reporting and energy savings plans 202
Table 14.2: Energy audits and subsidies in Europe and the rest of the world. 205

Figures

Figure 2.1: Energy productivity decomposes into multiple components. 12
Figure 2.2: Worldwide energy intensity using market exchange rates, Btu, per USD GDP (2005), 1980 to 2008 14
Figure 2.3: Worldwide primary energy consumption, Quadrillion Btu, 1980 to 2008. 14
Figure 2.4: Energy intensity by region using market exchange rates, Btu, per USD GDP (2005), 1980, 1990, 2000 and 2008 15
Figure 2.5: Percentage contribution of services, industry and agriculture to the country’s GDP in low-income, middle-income and high-income countries, 1970 to 2001. 15
Figure 2.6: Primary energy consumption by region, Quadrillion Btu, 1980, 1990, 2000 and 2008. 16
Figure 2.7: Energy intensity by region using market exchange rates, Btu, per USD GDP (2005), 1980 to 2008 17
Figure 2.8: Total primary energy consumption of the top ten consuming countries, 1980 to 2008, quadrillion Btu 17
Figure 2.9: Energy intensity of the top five energy consuming countries using market exchange rates, Btu, per USD GDP (2005), 1980 to 2008. 18
Figure 2.10: Energy intensity of the top six to ten energy consuming countries as of 2008 using market exchange rates, Btu, per USD GDP (2005), 1980 to 2008. 19
Figure 2.11: World primary energy demand by fuel in the IEA’s reference scenario. 19
Figure 2.12: Actual and projected energy productivity by region, Billion USD GDP per Quadrillion Btu, 1980 to 2020 21
Figure 2.13: Forecast of delivered energy demand growth, 2003 to 2020. 21
Figure 2.14: Global CO₂ emissions from the consumption of energy, million tonnes, 1980 to 2009. 22
Figure 2.15: World energy-related CO₂ emissions for the IEA’s World Energy Outlook 2008 and 2009 scenarios 22
Figure 2.16: CO₂ emissions from the consumption of energy in the top five emitting countries, 1980 to 2009, million tonnes 23
Figure 2.17: CO₂ emissions from the consumption of energy by region, 1980, 1990, 2000 and 2009, million tonnes 24
Figure 2.18: Carbon intensity from the consumption of energy by region, tonnes of CO₂ per thousand USD GDP (2005 USD), 1980, 1990, 2000 and 2009. 24
Figure 2.19: Carbon intensity from the consumption of energy for the top five CO₂ emitting countries, tonnes of CO₂ per thousand USD GDP (2005 USD), 1980 to 2009. 25
Figure 2.20: Global carbon intensity from the consumption of energy, tonnes of CO₂ per thousand USD GDP (2005 USD), 1980 to 2009. 26
Figure 2.21: Global carbon emissions per capita, tonnes CO₂ per capita, 1980 to 2009. 26
Figure 2.22: Global carbon emissions per capita, tonnes CO₂ per capita, 1980 to 2009. 27
Figure 2.23: Carbon emissions per capita for the top five carbon emitters, tonnes CO₂ per capita, 1980 to 2009 27
Figure 2.24: Per-capita energy-related CO₂ emissions in the IEA’s World Energy Outlook reference scenario 28
Figure 2.25: Change in economic productivity of electricity use: California vs. other 49 states. 29
Figure 2.26: Change in per capita electricity use: California vs. other 49 states. 29
Figure 2.27: Cost Comparison of energy efficiency and electricity investments, average USD cents per kWh 30
Figure 2.28: Responses to the question ‘How significant are the following in your organisation’s energy efficiency decisions?’ 32
Figure 2.29: Responses to the question ‘Which of the following energy efficiency measures has your company/organisation adopted in the last 12 months?’ 33
Figure 2.30: Findings for US major survey on most promising and already deployed technologies for reducing energy use and carbon emissions, % cities. 34
Figure 3.1: Projected increase in energy demand by sector, quadrillion btu, 2005 and 2030. 36
Figure 3.2: Projected world final energy consumption by fuel and sector in the IEA’s reference scenario 37
Figure 3.3: Global electricity generation based on gross output, TWh, 1990 to 2010. 38
Figure 3.4: Economics of electricity. 38
Figure 3.5: Natural gas prices, USD per million Btu, 1984 to 2010. 39
Figure 3.6: Coal prices, USD per tonne, 1987 to 2010. 40
Figure 3.7: CHP technologies and markets. 43
Figure 3.8: Gross output in the top five generating countries and the rest of world, TWh, 1990 to 2010. 44
Figure 3.9: Breakdown of energy use by individual energy users in the industrial sector 44
Figure 3.10: Average industrial electricity prices in the European Union, EUR per kWh, 2005 to 2007. 45
Figure 3.11: Average industrial gas prices in the European Union, EUR per Gigajoule, 2005 to 2007. 45
Figure 3.12: Energy consumption by industrial sector, quadrillion btu, 2005 and 2030. 46
Figure 3.13: Industry energy-related CO₂ emissions by sub-sector in the IEA’s World Energy Outlook reference scenario 48
Figure 3.14: Crude oil spot prices, USD per barrel, 1972 to 2010. 50
Figure 3.15: Energy efficiency improvements in the transportation sector 52
Figure 3.16: Comparison of different electric power train configurations. 53
Figure 3.17: Projected personal versus commercial energy consumption by the transportation, million oil equivalent barrels per day, 2005 and 2030. 55
Figure 3.18: Projected vehicle penetration in China, OECD Europe and the United States, million, 2005 and 2030 56
Figure 3.19: Passenger light-duty vehicle fleet and ownership rates in key regions in the IEA reference scenario 56
Figure 3.20: Average CO₂ intensity of new light-duty vehicles by region in the IEA reference scenario. 57
Figure 3.21: Breakdown of energy use by individual energy users in the commercial sector 58
Figure 3.22: Breakdown of energy use by individual energy users in the residential sector 60
Figure 3.23: Average residential electricity prices in the European Union, EUR per kWh, 2005 to 2007. 61
Figure 3.24: Average domestic electricity prices in the European Union, EUR per Gigajoule, 2005 to 2007 61
Figure 3.25: End use electricity prices for households, USD per kWh, 2001 to 2009. 62
Figure 3.26: US building energy end use splits, % of total end use, 2010 and 2020. 63
Figure 3.27: Break down of cost sources for the average US electricity bill 64
Figure 3.28: US energy-efficiency supply curve to 2020. 65
Figure 3.29: Portfolio representing cost, experience and potential of clusters possible with specified solution strategies 66
Figure 3.30: Residential energy use for OECD and non-OECD countries, million btus per household, 2005 and 2030 66
Figure 4.1: Energy services agreement 68
Figure 5.1: Typical conventional central generation power plant 69
Figure 5. 2: Typical co-generation ‘combined heat and power’ plant 70
Figure 5.3: Echogen Power Systems’ ScCO₂ Power Generating Cycle 200kWe – 300kWe (net) Heat Engine System 71
Figure 5.4: Organic Rankine Cycle. 72
Figure 5.5: Waste heat recovery. 75
Figure 5.6: Ecomotors’ opposition-piston opposed-cylinder engine. 76
Figure 5.44: Illustrative cost/benefit to implement hybridisation technologies. 78
Figure 5.47: XL Hybrid technology. 78
Figure 5.7: Energy harvesting wireless sensor solution from EnOcean. 80
Figure 5.8: Energy harvesting wireless sensor network. 80
Figure 5.9: PassivSystems products. 81
Figure 5.10: eMonitorTM c-Series system.. 83
Figure 5.11: BuildingIQ in action. 86
Figure 5.12: Cost savings and CO₂ savings for different energy efficient and renewable technologies. 87
Figure 5.13: Average project payback time for different energy efficient building products in years. 89
Figure 5.14: SD250 model 91
Figure 5.15: SD10 model 91
Figure 5.16: S1 model 92
Figure 5.17: EcoFit module. 93
Figure 5.18: Encelium Energy Control System™ (ECS™) 99
Figure 5.19: Redwood Systems lighting platform.. 101
Figure 5.20: Tenrehte Technologies’ PICOwatt^® device. 102
Figure 5.21: Modlet 103
Figure 5.22: Snapshot of the GridConnect dashboard. 114
Figure 5.23: Calmac’s ICEBANK®.. 122
Figure 5.24: How the Coolerado works. 123
Figure 5.25: Ice Bear system.. 126
Figure 6.1: Global total new investment in clean energy, USD billion, 2005 to 2010. 128
Figure 6.2: Investment by country in the G-20, USD billion, 2010. 129
Figure 6.3: Investment by country and sector, USD billion, 2010. 129
Figure 7.1: Total stimulus funding to date by technology, USD billion, 2010. 130
Figure 7.2: Global stimulus funding and spending on clean energy, USD billion, 2009 to 2013. 130
Figure 7.3: Clean stimulus funds spent and remaining at the end of 2010, USD billion. 131
Figure 8.1: Percentage of companies in the Siemens’ survey that confirm that over half of their business equipment is energy efficient 139
Figure 8.2: Percentage of companies in Siemens survey delaying further investment in energy efficient equipment on funding grounds. 140
Figure 9.1: State energy budgets for alternative energy as of March 2011, % and USD million. 143
Figure 9.2: Breakdown of funding for clean energy through the State Energy Program (SEP) by US census region, USD million. 144
Figure 9.3: State Energy Program (SEP) funding for energy efficiency in building by sector, USD million 144
Figure 9.4: Energy savings and vehicle greenhouse gas emissions avoided through the US ENERGY STAR programme 152
Figure 9.5: Energy efficiency resources standards in the US, March 2011. 158
Figure 9.6: Utility customer funded budgets for energy efficiency projects in 2010 and estimated for 2020 158
Figure 9.7: Historical and projected energy use and CO₂ per unit GDP and energy use per capita in the US, 1980 to 2035 159
Figure 11.1: Zone and building codes in China. 187
Figure 11.2: Growth of green buildings in India, 2002 to 2009. 189
Figure 15.1: Global energy use per GDP, actual and Exxon projection, million Btu per thousand USD of GDP (2005 USD) 208
Figure 15.2: Projected energy demand until 2030 for a 1.2% efficiency gains scenario and no efficiency gains scenario, quadrillion btu. 209
Figure 15.3: Abatement measures anticipated to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to the 450 scenario level by 2030, Gt, 2007 to 2030. 210