NRG Expert provides a comprehensive overview and analysis of the Energy Storage market. Energy storage involves storing excess energy at low peak times and then releasing it when demand is high. The energy is stored until it is required. This energy storage market research looks at; the grid, the rationale for storage, current energy storage technologies, energy storage companies, energy storage systems, energy storage capacity and much more. It assesses how energy storage can help companies meet fluctuations in energy demand and provides key energy storage data and statistics.
- 1. The Grid 14
- Power Demand 14
- Base load 15
- Peak load 15
- Intermediate load 15
- Renewables 16
- Renewable Portfolio Standards 17
- Renewable Issues and the grid 19
- Intermittency and variability 19
- Capacity factor 19
- Loss of Load Probability (LOLP) 20
- Capacity credit 20
- Spinning reserve 21
- 2. Renewables 22
- Integration costs 24
- Balancing supply and demand 25
- Import/export electricity 28
- Demand response 28
- Back up 29
- Storage 29
- 3. Rationale for storage 30
- Value Chain 34
- 4. Current state of storage 43
- Investment 45
- Development 47
- Economics 49
- 5. Storage Technologies 56
- Mechanical Storage 56
- Pumped storage 56
- Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) 64
- Flywheel 73
- Electrochemical storage 75
- Batteries 76
- Lead-acid batteries 80
- Advanced lead-acid batteries 81
- Lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries 81
- Nickel cadmium (NiCd) batteries 85
- Nickel-metal hydride (NMH) batteries 86
- Sodium sulphur (NaS) batteries 86
- Sodium Nickel Chloride (NaNiCl) batteries 87
- Flow batteries 88
- Capacitor 90
- Electric double-layer capacitor system 90
- Electromagnetic storage 93
- Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) 93
- Fuel cells 95
- Hydrogen Fuel Cell 96
- Electric vehicles 102
- Start-stop market 146
- Thermal storage 164
- Concentrating Solar Power 165
- Parabolic Trough 165
- Parabolic Dish Systems 166
- Central Receiver Systems – Solar Tower 167
- Solar Chimney Power Plants 167
- Types of storage 169
- Sensible heat storage 169
- Concrete 169
- Molten salt 170
- Latent heat storage/phase change materials 171
- Inorganic PCMs 172
- Organic PCMs 173
- Development of TES for CSP 174
- Indirect system 174
- Single-tank Thermocline 174
- Direct molten-salt heat transfer fluid 175
- Hot/Cold storage 175
- 6. Countries 177
- North America 177
- Canada 177
- Mexico 180
- USA 180
- South America 198
- Chile 198
- El Salvador 198
- Europe 198
- Bosnia 199
- Czech Republic 199
- Denmark 200
- France 200
- Germany 200
- Lithuania 200
- Luxembourg 200
- Netherlands 200
- Norway 201
- Romania 201
- Slovakia 201
- Slovenia 201
- Sweden 201
- Switzerland 201
- United Kingdom 201
- CIS 202
- Georgia 202
- Russia 202
- Ukraine 202
- Asia Pacific 202
- Australia 202
- China 202
- India 205
- Japan 205
- South Korea 206
- Vietnam 207
- Africa 207
- South Africa 207
- 7. Companies 208
- Batteries, fuel cells, hydrogen storage and ultracapacitors 208
- A123 Systems 208
- Advanced Battery Technologies (China) 210
- Technology: Rechargeable polymer lithium-ion (PLI) batteries 210
- AES Energy Storage 210
- Technology: Lithium-ion batteries 210
- Altair Nano 212
- Technology: Advanced lithium-ion (nano-structured lithium titanate) batteries 212
- American Superconductor 212
- Aquion 213
- Axion Power International 214
- Boston Power 214
- BYD – Build Your Dreams (China) 215
- C&D Technologies 219
- China BAK Battery (China) 219
- China Ritar Power (China) 220
- DuPont 220
- ENAX (Japan) 220
- Ener1 220
- EnerSys 222
- Enervault 222
- Evonik 222
- Exide Technologies 223
- GE 224
- GS Yuasa (Japan) 225
- Hitachi (Japan) 226
- High Power International (China) 226
- Johnson Controls 226
- LG Chem (Korea) 227
- Maxwell Technologies 227
- McPhy Energy 231
- Nanosys 231
- NEC Corporation (Japan) 231
- New Energy Systems (China) 231
- NGK Insulators (Japan) 232
- Panasonic (Japan) 234
- Samsung 234
- Sanyo 234
- Seeo 235
- Sumitomo 235
- Sony (Japan) 235
- Prudent Energy VRB Power Systems 235
- Tesla 236
- Toyota (Japan) 236
- Ultralife Corporation 237
- Valence Technologies 238
- VBB Energy 238
- XP Extreme Power (XP) 239
- Taken from XP Extreme Power’s website 240
- Yinghe Technology 241
- Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) 241
- Dresser-Rand 241
- Energy Storage and Power 241
- E.ON 245
- General Compression 245
- SustainX 246
- Flywheel 246
- Active Power 246
- Beacon Power 247
- Boeing 248
- Power Thru 249
- Multiple Technologies 249
- ABB 249
- 8. Barriers 251
- 9. Sources 252
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Tables
Table 1 1: Three main types of electricity demand 16
Table 1 2: Typical capacity factors for different generating technologies 19
Table 2 1: Variability factors for intermittent renewable energy sources 22
Table 2 2: Summary of US wind integration cost studies 24
Table 3 1: Dedicated renewable applications of energy storage and their whole-grid counterpart 32
Table 3 2: Comparison of specifications of typical energy storage systems 32
Table 3 3: EPRI definitions of ten energy storage applications 34
Table 3 4: General Energy Storage Application Requirements 36
Table 3 5: Representative benefit PVs (present values) of selected energy storage benefits 37
Table 3 6: Traditional Major Grid Applications of Energy Storage 40
Table 4 1: Energy storage technologies by development status 48
Table 4 2: R&D Timelines for Emerging Energy Storage Options 48
Table 4 3: Latest prices for energy storage in Great Britain and Germany 50
Table 4 4: Energy storage technologies 50
Table 4 5: Energy storage characteristics by application 51
Table 4 6: Projected incremental energy delivery cost at 7% discount rate in USD 90 million facilities (ignoring energy cost) for 2015 technology 54
Table 4 7: Comparison of bulk storage systems 54
Table 5 1: Typical values for various pumped-storage plants 58
Table 5 2: Status of selected pumped storage projects at the end of 2010 61
Table 5 3: CAES plants in operation or planned 66
Table 5 4: Comparison of CAES systems 67
Table 5 5: Comparison of batteries 78
Table 5 6: Comparison of different battery energy storage systems 78
Table 5 7: Selected battery energy storage plants in use 79
Table 5 8: Lithium-ion battery characteristics by chemistry 84
Table 5 9: Comparison of the applications of SMES systems 94
Table 5 10: Fuel cell types 96
Table 5 11: Comparison of net storage capacities of large scale storage technologies 101
Table 5 12: International support for fuel cells 102
Table 5 13: Regulations on fuel economy and CO2 emissions in the US and EU 102
Table 5 14: Key differences between PHEVs and BEVs 104
Table 5 15: Specifications of several plug-in vehicles sold or expected to be sold in 2011 106
Table 5 16: Plug-in Vehicle Tracker 112
Table 5 17: Manufacturers of BEV/PHEVs and partnering battery manufacturers 141
Table 5 18: Incentives for electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and low emission vehicles 151
Table 5 19: US state incentives for electric vehicle 155
Table 5 20: Summary Table: Key Data and Figures for Hybrid, Plug-in Hybrid and Battery Electric Vehicles 161
Table 5 21: Comparison of the main CSP technologies 168
Table 5 22: Sensible storage materials, solid and liquid, temperature, average heat capacity and media cost 170
Table 5 23: Selected low temperature inorganic salt hydrate PCMs, with melting points and average heat capacity 172
Table 5 24: Selected low temperature inorganic salt hydrate PCMs , with melting points 173
Table 5 25: Selected low temperature organic PCMs , with melting points 173
Table 6 1: New pumped storage plants or plants being refurbished in the US, 2008 to 2010 180
Table 6 2: Estimated US supply of electric vehicles from 2011 to 2015 190
Table 6 3: USABC Goals for Advanced Batteries for BEVs 195
Table 6 4: New pumped storage plants or plants being refurbished in China, 2008 to 2010 203
Table 7 1: Litarion Electrodes 223
Table 7 2: Lithium Energy Japan’s manufacturing plants 225
Table 7 3: Current XP Extreme Power projects 240
Figures
Figure 1 1: Base, Intermediate and Peak Load by time of day 16
Figure 1 2: Influence of wind power on power control margin at night 17
Figure 1 3: RPS policies and goals in the US states 18
Figure 1 4: Capacity factors by month for wind power for Denmark, Sweden, Germany and the Netherlands 20
Figure 2 1: Output of large PV plant over one day, with rapid variability due to clouds 23
Figure 2 2: Output from wind turbines during the day with storage capacity 23
Figure 2 3: Smoothing effect of wind power in Germany 26
Figure 2 4: Flexibility supply curve 27
Figure 2 5: Balancing demand and supply through the interconnected grid 28
Figure 2 6: Obstacles to energy storage and demand response 29
Figure 3 1: Example of electricity pricings during a 24 hour period in the US and electricity use 30
Figure 3 2: Operational Benefits Monetizing the Value of Energy Storage 35
Figure 4 1: Worldwide current installed capacity, MW 43
Figure 4 2: Storage technologies by capacity 43
Figure 4 3: Positioning of Energy Storage Technologies 44
Figure 4 4: Worldwide installed storage capacity for electrical energy at the end of 2010, MW 45
Figure 4 5: Grid-scale and all storage deals, 2006 to 2010 45
Figure 4 6: Energy Storage IPOs, 2006 to 2010 46
Figure 4 7: Venture investment in clean tech sector by quarter, Q4 2009 to Q1 2011 47
Figure 5 1: Energy storage applications and technologies 56
Figure 5 2: Principle of pumped hydro storage systems 57
Figure 5 3: Diagram of a pumped storage configuration 57
Figure 5 4: Growth of adjustable speed pumped hydro 59
Figure 5 5: Underground pumped hydro 60
Figure 5 6: Cost breakdown of pumped hydro 61
Figure 5 7: Schematic of CAES plant with underground compressed air storage 65
Figure 5 8: Principle of the CAES system 65
Figure 5 9: CAES system in Huntorf, Germany 67
Figure 5 10: Salt structures and existing gas storage site in Europe 69
Figure 5 11: Overview of geological formations in continental US, showing potential CAES siting opportunities based on EPRI geologic studies 70
Figure 5 12: Energy Bag 71
Figure 5 13: Principle and structure of flywheel 74
Figure 5 14: Operational results of wind power with flywheel 74
Figure 5 15: Comparison of specifications of existing flywheel systems 75
Figure 5 16: Power density as a function of energy density for energy storage options 76
Figure 5 17: Idealised load and battery systems 77
Figure 5 18: Reaction Mechanism of Lead-based Cells 81
Figure 5 19: Specific energy and specific power of different battery types 82
Figure 5 20: Reaction Mechanism of Li-ion Cells 83
Figure 5 21: Future of the electric car and lithium ion battery markets 85
Figure 5 22: Nickel-Based Cells 86
Figure 5 23: Reaction Mechanism of Sodium-based Cells 88
Figure 5 24: ZBB Energy’s Zn/Br flow system 90
Figure 5 25: Principle of electric double-layer capacitor 91
Figure 5 26: Structures of capacitors 91
Figure 5 27: Principle of SMES 93
Figure 5 28: Structure of SMES system 94
Figure 5 29: Cost estimation of SMES as a function of stored energy 95
Figure 5 30: Fuel cell 96
Figure 5 31: Comparison of the Honda FXC Clarity with the BYD-E6 and Mitsubishi i-MiEV electric vehicles 98
Figure 5 32: Platinum prices, 1992 to 2011 99
Figure 5 33: Location of hydrogen production facilities in Europe 101
Figure 5 34: Comparison of different electric power train configurations 103
Figure 5 35: Cost of EVs and PHEVs over Conventional Vehicles 105
Figure 5 36: Passenger LDV sales by technology type and scenario, million sales per year 107
Figure 5 37: Annual global BEV and PHEV sales in BLUE Map scenario, passenger LDV sales millions, 2010 to 2050 107
Figure 5 38: Lithium-ion battery price forecast, USD per kWh 108
Figure 5 39: Development of alternative transportation options 110
Figure 5 40: Rollout of electric vehicle models 111
Figure 5 41: Electric vehicles and their expected launch date onto the US market 111
Figure 5 42: Government target and BEV/PHEV production/sales reported by Original Equipment Manufacturer 142
Figure 5 43: BEV/PHEV number of models offered and sales per model through 2020 143
Figure 5 44: Illustrative cost/benefit to implement hybridisation technologies 145
Figure 5 45: Additional capital cost of hybrid electric vehicles compared to conventional gasoline and diesel vehicles, EUR 145
Figure 5 46: Global market estimates for sales of start-stop or micro-hybrid units, thousand units, 2010 to 2015 147
Figure 5 47: XL Hybrid technology 147
Figure 5 48: Battery cost decline versus production 148
Figure 5 49: Projected cost of electric vehicle batteries in the US, USD, 2010 to 2030 149
Figure 5 50: Global transportation trend, million barrels per day of oil equivalent (mbdoe), 1980 to 2030 150
Figure 5 51: Aggregated national targets for BEV/PHEVs 151
Figure 5 52: Upfront Price Support for Low-Carbon Vehicles 159
Figure 5 53: Light-duty vehicle fuel economy 160
Figure 5 54: Public RD&D (Research, Development and Deployment) spending on BEV/PHEVs and vehicle efficiency in selected countries, 2010, USD million 160
Figure 5 55: Public spending on electric vehicle RD&D category for selected countries, USD million, 2008 to 2011 161
Figure 5 56: Parabolic trough 166
Figure 5 57: Parabolic dish reflector 166
Figure 5 58: Central receiver system 167
Figure 5 59: CESA-1 Central tower test facility at Plataforma de Almeira, Spain 168
Figure 5 60: Schematic for CSP plant with molten salt storage 170
Figure 6 1: Active FERC Permits for Pumped Hydro Filings in the United States 181
Figure 6 2: Energy Storage Demonstration Projects in the US 183
Figure 6 3: Percentage of US stimulus grants for storage technologies under the Smart Grid Demonstration Programme 184
Figure 6 4: Smart Grid Energy Storage Demonstrations in the US 184
Figure 6 5: Locations of current and planned US Li-ion system grid demonstrations 190
Figure 6 6: North American transportation battery market, millions units, financial years 2002 to 2014 192
Figure 6 7: Model year 2025 light-duty vehicle market share by technology type in three cases (percentage of total sales) in the US 193
Figure 6 8: Impact of 20% investment tax credit on CAES 197
Figure 6 9: Ideal road of increasing energy storage in the Western European Union towards 2050 199
Figure 6 10: Electric vehicle chargers that will be deployed in Victoria, Australia 202
Figure 6 11: Cities in China have announced BEV Pilot programmes 204
Figure 7 1: American Superconductor’s D-SMESTM 213
Figure 7 2: Sodium ion batteries 213
Figure 7 3: Average selling price per flywheel, USD thousand, 2005 to 2010 247
Figure 7 4: Beacon Power’s fourth generation Smart Energy 25 flywheel 248
Price: £950.00
Prod. Code: NRGES1
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