NRG Expert Geothermal Report Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary 25: USA 26; Philippines 27; Indonesia 27; Mexico 28; Italy 28; New Zealand 28; Iceland 28; Japan 28; Other countries 29
2. Introduction to Geothermal Energy 30: Overview 30; Development of geothermal energy use 31; Direct low enthalpy use of geothermal energy 33; Geothermal Heat Pump (GHP), Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) 35; Indirect use of geothermal energy for power generation 37; Technology of geothermal power generation 38; Dry steam 38; Flash Steam 39; Binary cycle/Organic Rankine cycle 40; Combined-cycle or hybrid plants 41; Conventional and hot rocks technologies 42; Volcanic Geothermal/Convective hydrotreatment 44; Sedimentary Aquifer (HSA) 45; Hot dry rock/enhanced geothermal systems (HDR) 47; Comparison of technologies 50; Geothermal energy efficiency 52; Combined Heat and Power (CHP) 52; Geothermal coproduction from waste water 53; Offshore geothermal 53; Location of resources 53
3. Overview of geothermal energy capacity & utilisation 57: Geothermal direct use 57; Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) 64; Geothermal electricity generation 73; Geothermal generation growth 78; Technology 87
4. Geothermal Power Industry 90: Overview 90; Alterra Power Corporation 90; Borealis Geothermal 93; Caithness Energy 94; Calpine 94; CalEnergy 96; USA 97; Philippines 97; Chevron 97; Contact Energy 100; Enel 101; Energy Development Corporation (EDC) 101; Gradient Resources 102; Hot Rock 103; Mighty River Project 105; Nevada Geothermal Power (NGP) 107; Ormat Technologies 111; Oski Energy 115; Panax Geothermal 115; Ram Power 119; Terra-Gen Power 122; US Geothermal 124; Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) 124; AltaRock Energy 124; EGS Energy 125; Geodynamics 125; Geox 127; GreenFire Energy 127; Rockenergy 127; Drilling 127; Baker Hughes 128; Geothermal Anywhere 128; Halliburton 128; Iceland Drilling 129; Potter Drilling 130; Schlumberger 131; ThermaSource 132; Ground Source Heat Pumps 132; Nibe 132; Waterfurance Renewable Energy 132; Geothermal equipment manufacturers 133; Turbines 133; Mitsubishi 133; Toshiba 134; Fuji Electric 134
5. Geothermal revenue & costs – generation, construction & equipment sales 136: Revenue from geothermal electricity sales 136; Capital costs for building geothermal power plants 136; Indirect costs 138; Disposal 139; Operation & Maintenance 139; Cost comparison with other technologies 140; Geothermal generation equipment market 141; Costs of electricity 143
6. Country use and development of geothermal energy 147: North America 147; Canada 147; Geothermal power generation 147; Direct Use 149; Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) 149; Mexico 154; Geothermal power generation 154; Recent power development 154; Geothermal fields 155; Geothermal generation plants 155; Future developments 158; Direct Use 159; United States 160; Overview 160; Geothermal power generation 160; The Geysers 161; Existing Installations and Active Geothermal Projects in the United States 164; Alaska 166; Arizona 167; Arkansas 168; California 168; Colorado 170; Connecticut 171; District of Colombia 171; Florida 172; Hawaii 172; Idaho 172; Illinois 173; Indiana 174; Louisiana 174; Massachusetts 174; Michigan 175; Minnesota 175; Mississippi 175; Montana 176; North Carolina 176; North Dakota 176; Nebraska 176; Nevada 177; New Jersey 180; New Mexico 180; New York 181; Ohio 181; Oklahoma 181; Oregon 182; Pennsylvannia 183; South Carolina 183; Tennessee 183; Texas 184; Utah 184; Virginia 185; Washington 185; West Virginia 186; Wisconsin 186; Wyoming 186; Proposed installations 193; Current industry outlook 198; Geothermal Resources of the USA 199; Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) 200; Direct Use 203; Industrial process heat 204; Space heating 204; District Heating 205; Fish farming 205; Greenhouse Heating 205; Cooling and Snow Melting 205; Agricultural Drying 205; Bathing and Swimming 205; Federal Government Programmes / Incentives 205; Research & Development 212
7. Asia Pacific 213: Australia 213; Geothermal power generation 213; Direct Use 220; Bangladesh 220; Geothermal power generation 220; China 221; Geothermal power generation 221; Direct Use 223; Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) 225; Fiji 226; Geothermal power generation 226; India 226; Geothermal power generation 226; Direct Use 228; Indonesia 229; Overview 229; Geothermal power generation 230; Resource Potential 232; Geothermal Plants 233; Field development and contractor status 236; Geothermal contracts concluded 240; Prices 240; Regional Autonomy 241; Law and Regulation – insufficient legal protection 242; Developments in 2006 245; Recent Developments 245; Barriers 246; Direct Use 246; Iran 247; Geothermal power generation 247; Direct Use 248; Israel 248; Geothermal power generation 248; Direct Use 248; Japan 249; Geothermal power generation 249; Future Prospects 252; Government Support 252; Barriers 254; Direct Use 255; Jordan 255; Geothermal power generation 255; Direct Use 255; Korea, People’s Republic of (North Korea) 256; Geothermal power generation 256; Direct Use 256; Korea, South 256; Geothermal power generation 256; Direct Use 257; Kyrgyzstan 257; Geothermal power generation 257; Malaysia 257; Geothermal power generation 257; Mongolia 257; Geothermal power generation 257; Direct Use 258; Nepal 258; Geothermal power generation 258; Direct Use 258; New Zealand 259; Geothermal power generation 259; Future Developments 263; Direct Use 265; Papua New Guinea 271; Geothermal power generation 271; Direct Use 271; Philippines 272; Overview 272; Geothermal power generation 273; Chronology of development of geothermal power in the Philippines 273; Geothermal Plants 278; Direct Use 282; Samoa 283; Tajikistan 283; Geothermal power generation 283; Direct Use 283; Taiwan 283; Geothermal power generation 283; Thailand 284; Geothermal power generation 284; Direct Use 284; Vanuatu 285; Vietnam 285; Geothermal power generation 285; Direct Use 285; Yemen 286; Geothermal power generation 286; Direct Use 286
8. Europe 287: Albania 287; Geothermal power generation 287; Direct Use 287; Armenia 288; Geothermal power generation 288; Direct Use 288; Austria 289; Geothermal power generation 289; Direct Use 290; Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) 290; Belarus 291; Geothermal power generation 291; Direct Use 291; Belgium 291; Geothermal power generation 291; Direct Use 292; Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) 292; Bosnia 292; Geothermal power generation 292; Direct Use 292; Bulgaria 293; Geothermal power generation 293; Direct Use 293; Croatia 294; Geothermal power generation 294; Direct Use 294; Czech Republic 295; Geothermal power generation 295; Direct Use 296; Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) 296; Denmark 296; Geothermal power generation 296; Direct Use 297; Estonia 300; Geothermal power generation 300; Direct Use 300; Finland 301; Geothermal power generation 301; Direct Use 301; Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) 301; France 302; Geothermal power generation 302; Direct Use 304; Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) 304; Georgia 304; Geothermal power generation 304; Direct Use 304; Germany 305; Geothermal power generation 305; Direct Use 309; Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) 309; New Production Capacity 310; Greece 310; Geothermal power generation 310; Direct Use 311; Hungary 313; Geothermal power generation 313; Direct Use 313; Iceland 315; Geothermal power generation 315; New Production Capacity 317; Direct Use 319; Ireland 322; Geothermal power generation 322; Direct Use 322; Italy 323; Geothermal power generation 323; Direct Use 327; Latvia 329; Geothermal power generation 329; Direct Use 329; Lithuania 330; Geothermal power generation 330; Direct Use 330; Macedonia 330; Geothermal power generation 330; Direct Use 330; Netherlands 331; Geothermal power generation 331; Direct Use 331; Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) 332; Norway 333; Geothermal power generation 333; Direct Use 333; Poland 333; Geothermal power generation 333; Direct Use 334; Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) 336; Portugal & the Azores 336; Geothermal power generation 336; Direct Use 338; Romania 339; Geothermal power generation 339; Direct Use 340; Russian Federation 342; Geothermal power generation 342; Direct Use 345; Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) 345; Serbia 345; Geothermal power generation 345; Direct Use 346; Slovakia 346; Geothermal power generation 346; Direct Use 347; Slovenia 347; Geothermal power generation 347; Direct Use 348; Spain 349; Geothermal power generation 349; Direct Use 350; Sweden 351; Geothermal power generation 351; Direct Use 351; Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) 352; Switzerland 352; Geothermal power generation 352; Direct Use 352; Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) 353; Turkey 354; Overview 354; Geothermal power generation 354; Direct Use 356; Ukraine 358; Geothermal power generation 358; Direct Use 359; United Kingdom 359; Geothermal power generation 359; Direct Use 360
9. Central America & Caribbean 362: Caribbean Islands 362; Geothermal power generation 362; Direct Use 362; Costa Rica 363; Geothermal power generation 363; Future Development 365; Direct Use 365; Dominica 366; Geothermal power generation 366; El Salvador 367; Geothermal power generation 367; Future Development 368; Direct Use 369; Grenada 369; Geothermal power generation 369; Guadeloupe (France) 370; Geothermal power generation 370; Direct Use 370; Guatemala 370; Geothermal power generation 370; Direct Use 372; Honduras 372; Geothermal power generation 372; Direct Use 373; Nicaragua 374; Geothermal power generation 374; Future Development 374; Economic benefits of geothermal energy for Nicaragua 375; Geothermal Master Plan for Nicaragua 375; Exploration Leases 375; Direct Use 377; St Kitts and Nevis 377; Geothermal power generation 377; St Lucia 377; Geothermal power generation 377; Geothermal power generation 378
10. South America 379: Argentina 379; Geothermal power generation 379; Direct Use 380; Bolivia 380; Geothermal power generation 380; Brazil 381; Geothermal power generation 381; Direct Use 381; Chile 381; Geothermal power generation 381; Direct Use 383; Colombia 383; Geothermal power generation 383; Direct Use 384; Ecuador 384; Geothermal power generation 384; Direct Use 385; Peru 385; Geothermal power generation 385; Direct Use 385; Venezuela 386; Geothermal power generation 386; Direct Use 386
11. Africa 387: Geothermal power generation 387; Direct Use 387; Botswana 387; Geothermal power generation 387; Comoros 388; Geothermal power generation 388; Dijbouti 388; Geothermal power generation 388; Egypt 388; Geothermal power generation 388; Direct Use 388; Ethiopia 389; Geothermal power generation 389; Direct Use 390; Kenya 391; Geothermal power generation 391; Direct Use 397; Morocco 397; Geothermal power generation 397; Direct Use 397; South Africa 398; Geothermal power generation 398; Direct Use 398; Rwanda 398; Geothermal power generation 398; South Sudan 399; Geothermal power generation 399; Tanzania 399; Geothermal power generation 399; Tunisia 399; Geothermal power generation 399; Direct Use 399; Uganda 400; Geothermal power generation 400; Direct Use 401; Zambia 401; Geothermal power generation 401
12. Geothermal Manufacturers 402
13. Targets, subsidies and incentives 406
14. Sources and acknowledgements 424

Tables

Table 2 1: Total geothermal capacity and use in 2010 31
Table 2 2: Worldwide geothermal status 32
Table 2 3: Geothermal resource type 42
Table 2 4: Description of geothermal resources 43
Table 2 5: Key Data and Figures for Geothermal Heat and Power Technologies 50
Table 3 1: Summary of regional geothermal use in 2010 57
Table 3 2: Top direct use countries 59
Table 3 3: Direct use of geothermal energy by country, 1995 to 2010 59
Table 3 4: Uses of direct thermal energy by type of use, capacity (MW), and utilisation (TJ), 1995 to Q1 2010 62
Table 3 5: Heat Pumps 64
Table 3 6: Number of Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) by major country 66
Table 3 7: Sales trend for heat pumps used as a heat source in 8 EU countries* followed by the EHPA 67
Table 3 8: Representative GSHP manufacturers in the European Union 68
Table 3 9: Annual Number of GSHPs Installed Units in Key European Markets 2003 to 2009E 69
Table 3 10: Quantity & Capacity of Ground-Source Heat Pumps in European Union, 2005 to 2009 70
Table 3 11: Top Six Countries Growth 2005 to 2010, Growth Hot Spots 74
Table 3 12: Leading countries in electric power generation with a capacity of more than 100 MWe 75
Table 3 13: National and regional geothermal power contributions 76
Table 3 14: Geothermal plants commissioned in 2009 and 2010 76
Table 3 15: Geothermal installed power capacity by country, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2007 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2015 forecast 80
Table 3 16: Geothermal plants by technology: units, capacity (MW) and average capacity 88
Table 4 1: Calpine geothermal plants 95
Table 4 2: Chevron’s geothermal assets 98
Table 4 3: Similarities and differences between oil and gas and geothermal 99
Table 4 4: Energy Development Corporation’s geothermal projects 101
Table 4 5: Hot Rock’s HAS geothermal resource assessments at its Australian site 104
Table 4 6: Hot Rock’s geothermal milestones 105
Table 4 7: Mighty River Power’s geothermal projects 106
Table 4 8: Nevada Geothermal Power’s geothermal projects 108
Table 4 9: Ormat’s geothermal projects under construction and under development as of July 2011 113
Table 4 10: Ram Power projects under development 120
Table 4 11: Terra-Gen’s geothermal power projects 123
Table 4 12: List of geothermal turbine manufacturers 134
Table 5 1: Direct Capital Costs, USD per kW installed capacity 136
Table 5 2: Costs of conventional geothermal binary cycle power plants in the US 136
Table 5 3: Unit cost of power, US cents per kWh 137
Table 5 4: Cost comparison of geothermal power, heating and CHP 137
Table 5 5: Operating and maintenance costs 139
Table 5 6: Capital cost comparisons by technology 140
Table 5 7: Geothermal projects funded by the World Bank, 2000 – 2010 145
Table 5 8: Geothermal projects registered under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) 146
Table 6 1: Average costs for common ground source heat pumps in Canadian provinces, CAD 150
Table 6 2: Incentives for ground source heat pumps at the provincial level, as of August 2010 151
Table 6 3: Geothermal power generation plants in Mexico 157
Table 6 4: Present and planned geothermal plants in Mexico 157
Table 6 5: US geothermal power plants brought on line in 2009 and 2010 163
Table 6 6: Total investment in geothermal in the US, 2009, USD million 190
Table 6 7: Geothermal Plants in the USA in April 2011 190
Table 6 8: Ongoing Projects in United States by phase, April 2011 193
Table 6 9: Ongoing Projects by State in US in terms of stage and announced planned capacity additions, March 2011 197
Table 6 10: US geothermal projects with priority status as of June 2011 198
Table 6 11: Approved US geothermal projects as of March 2011 198
Table 6 12: US geothermal heat pump shipments by model type, quantity, revenue and average price, 2009 201
Table 6 13: Utilisation of geothermal energy for direct heat in the US (excluding heat pumps) 204
Table 6 14: List of geothermal electricity department of Treasury Cash Grant Awardees 209
Table 6 15: Overview of state-level geothermal incentives in the US 211
Table 6 16: State incentives for geothermal indirect-use, direct-use, and heat pump incentives in the US 212
Table 7 1: Synopsis of the applicable legislation currently governing geothermal exploration activities in the various Australian States 215
Table 7 2: A summary of Commonwealth and State government grant options currently available to the Australian geothermal sector 216
Table 7 3: Grants awarded to companies developing geothermal projects in Australia, as of February 2010 218
Table 7 4: Forecast geothermal development costs in Australia, AUD per MW 219
Table 7 5: Utilisation of geothermal energy for electric power generation 222
Table 7 6: Total investment in geothermal in China, USD million 224
Table 7 7: Utilisation of geothermal energy for direct use (except heat pumps) 225
Table 7 8: Geothermal (ground source) heat pumps 226
Table 7 9: Future Development Planning and Installation of geothermal plant for 10,000 MW ‘crash programme’ in Indonesia 231
Table 7 10: Indonesia geothermal proven reserves, MW, 1995 to 2005 232
Table 7 11: Indonesia geothermal proven reserves, MW 233
Table 7 12: Geothermal power generation plants in Indonesia 233
Table 7 13: Installed Geothermal Power Plants in Indonesia 234
Table 7 14: Numbers of well drilled in Indonesian Geothermal Area during 1974 to 2009 235
Table 7 15: Status of PT PLN projects as of December 2010 236
Table 7 16: PLN’s ESC prices 241
Table 7 17: Geothermal power plant development projects 243
Table 7 18: List of geothermal working areas that have ready to be offered through bidding process in Indonesia 244
Table 7 19: List of existing geothermal power plants in Japan 250
Table 7 20: Installed renewable energy capacity accredited under the RPS law in Japan as of July 2010 253
Table 7 21: Historical Changes in NZ Geothermal Electricity Generation Capacity 261
Table 7 22: Projects under development in New Zealand 262
Table 7 23: Geothermal systems identified in New Zealand 263
Table 7 24: Assessment of geothermal potential in New Zealand 264
Table 7 25: Utilisation of geothermal energy for electric power generation in Papua New Guinea 271
Table 7 26: Utilisation of geothermal energy for electric power generation in the Philippines 276
Table 8 1: Geothermal power plants in Austria 289
Table 8 2: Utilisation of geothermal for direct heat 295
Table 8 3: Utilisation of geothermal energy for electric power generation in France 302
Table 8 4: Geothermal power plants in Germany 306
Table 8 5: Status of geothermal projects in Germany 306
Table 8 6: Utilisation of geothermal energy for direct heat in Greece 311
Table 8 7: Geothermal power generation plants in Iceland 316
Table 8 8: Utilisation of geothermal energy for electric power generation in Iceland 317
Table 8 9: Projects in development in Iceland 318
Table 8 10: Utilisation of geothermal energy for direct heat in Iceland 321
Table 8 11: Geothermal power generation plants in Italy 324
Table 8 12: Utilisation of geothermal energy for electric power generation in Italy 324
Table 8 13: Targets, national and regional objectives for direct use geothermal in Italy 328
Table 8 14: Utilisation of geothermal energy for direct heat in the Netherlands 332
Table 8 15: Utilisation of geothermal energy for direct heat (other than heat pumps) in Poland 335
Table 8 16: Geothermal power generation plants in The Azores, Portugal 336
Table 8 17: Utilisation of geothermal energy for electric power generation in Portugal* 337
Table 8 18: Utilisation of geothermal energy for direct heat in Portugal (other than heat pumps) 338
Table 8 19: Utilisation of geothermal energy for direct heat in Romania (other than heat pumps) 340
Table 8 20: Utilisation of geothermal energy in Russia for power generation 343
Table 8 21: Utilisation of geothermal energy for direct heat (other than heat pumps) 350
Table 8 22: Geothermal power plants in Turkey 355
Table 8 23: Turkish feed-in tariffs 355
Table 8 24: Turkey’s district heating systems 357
Table 8 25: Geothermal greenhouse heating in Turkey 358
Table 9 1: Present and planned production of electricity in Costa Rica 364
Table 9 2: Power generation plants in El Salvador 367
Table 9 3: Utilisation of geothermal energy for electric power generation in El Salvador 367
Table 9 4: Geothermal power generation plants in Guatemala 371
Table 9 5: Geothermal lease areas in Nicaragua 376
Table 9 6: Projects in the development stages in Nicaragua, 2010 376
Table 10 1: Planned geothermal plants in Chile 382
Table 10 2: Feed-in tariffs in Ecuador 384
Table 11 1: Milestones for the Olkaria power plants in Kenya 392
Table 11 2: Summary of planned power plant developments 395
Table 11 3: KenGen ongoing projects with completion expected in the short-term 395
Table 11 4: Planned transmission projects in Kenya 396
Table 12 1: Geothermal manufactures 402
Table 13 1: Worldwide incentives for geothermal projects 406
Table 13 2: Worldwide incentives for geothermal projects 414

Figures

Figure 2 1: Capacity factors for different renewable energy technologies 31
Figure 2 2: Various geothermal uses, including power generation and direct-use, related to their appropriate temperature range 33
Figure 2 3: Direct-use applications of geothermal energy 34
Figure 2 4: Leading Countries for Direct Use in MW, 2010 35
Figure 2 5: GSHP principles 36
Figure 2 6: Loop designs for GSHP 37
Figure 2 7: Commercial application of ground source heat pumps 37
Figure 2 8: Geothermal power plant 38
Figure 2 9: Schematic Diagram of a Dry Steam Power Plant 39
Figure 2 10: Flash Steam Power Plant 39
Figure 2 11: The CalEnergy Navy I flash geothermal power plant at the Coso geothermal field 40
Figure 2 12: Binary Cycle geothermal power plant 40
Figure 2 13: The Mammoth Pacific binary geothermal power plants at the Casa Diablo geothermal field 41
Figure 2 14: Comparison of geothermal technologies 42
Figure 2 15: Volcanic Geothermal 45
Figure 2 16: Hot Sedimentary Aquifer (HSA) 46
Figure 2 17: Enhanced Geothermal System 47
Figure 2 18: Hot Fractured Rock (HFR) 48
Figure 2 19: Heat map indicating areas with temperatures suitable for EGS development 49
Figure 2 20: The schematic layout of the Soultz-sous-Forêts HDR plant 50
Figure 2 21: Example of cascaded geothermal resource for multiple uses 52
Figure 2 22: The geothermal resource 54
Figure 2 23: World high temperature geothermal areas 55
Figure 2 24: Geothermal resource utilisation potential 56
Figure 3 1: Development of direct use of geothermal energy, MWt, 1995 to 2010 57
Figure 3 2: Development of geothermal direct use capacity by region, MW, 1995 to 2010 58
Figure 3 3: Top ten countries in terms of installed direct use geothermal capacity 58
Figure 3 4: Share of direct use capacity by segment, 1995, 2005 and 2010 62
Figure 3 5: Estimated global long term forecast of installed capacity for direct use geothermal, GWth, 2020 to 2100 63
Figure 3 6: Roadmap vision of direct use of geothermal heat by region, excluding ground source heat pumps, EJ per year, 2010 to 2050 64
Figure 3 7: Annual Number of Installed GSHPs Units in the top five European Markets 2003 to 2009E 70
Figure 3 8: Installed GSHP and geothermal heat capacity, MWt, 2005 to 2010 71
Figure 3 9: Average GSHP size in Europe, kW, 2005 to 2009 72
Figure 3 10: Geothermal heat pump stage of market development 72
Figure 3 11: Indication of IPCC SSREN projection of global geothermal heat produced by ground source heat pumps up to 2050, EJ per year, 2010 to 2050 73
Figure 3 12: Development of geothermal power generation capacity, MW, 1990 to 2010 73
Figure 3 13: Development of geothermal power generation capacity by region, MW, 1990 to 2010 74
Figure 3 14: Geothermal power generation installed capacity in countries with more than 100 MW installed, 2000, 2005 and 2010 78
Figure 3 15: Top ten countries in terms of projected new capacity additions, MW, 2010 to 2015 79
Figure 3 16: Installed capacity in the top ten markets, MW, 1990 to 2015 80
Figure 3 17: Markets driving geothermal growth 82
Figure 3 18: Installed geothermal capacity worldwide, end 2009 83
Figure 3 19: Forecasting the installed capacity in 2015 83
Figure 3 20: Electricity generating capacity from geothermal energy, MW, 1975 to 2015 84
Figure 3 21: Actual and projected installed geothermal electrical capacity, 1995 – 2100 85
Figure 3 22: Actual and projected growth in global installed geothermal capacity, GW, 1995 to 2100 85
Figure 3 23: Projected installed geothermal capacity to 2030, GW 86
Figure 3 24: Growth of geothermal power capacities by technology, GW, 2010 to 2050 86
Figure 3 25: Potential geothermal energy resources split into categories e.g. theoretical, technical, economic, developable and existing supplies for power generation and direct use 87
Figure 3 26: Geothermal plant installed capacity by technology 88
Figure 4 1: Operating capacity of developers of geothermal projects 90
Figure 4 2: Location of Alterra Power Corporation’s electricity generation assets in operation or under development 91
Figure 4 3: Alterra’s planned rollout of renewable energy projects, MW, 2010 to 2016 92
Figure 4 4: Conceptual geothermal production capacity growth in Iceland, MW, 2010 to 2016 93
Figure 4 5: Production of electricity from Calpine’s geyser geothermal projects 95
Figure 4 6: Calpine’s geothermal plants 96
Figure 4 7: Chevron’s geothermal assets 98
Figure 4 8: Location of Contact Energy’s projects under development 100
Figure 4 9: Contact Energy’s planned CAPEX investments 101
Figure 4 10: Gradient Resources’ geothermal power project pipeline 103
Figure 4 11: Hot Rock’s geothermal projects 104
Figure 4 12: Location of Mighty River Power’s New Zealand geothermal assets 106
Figure 4 13: Mighty River Project’s projects in the US and Chile through GeoGlobal Energy and EnergySource 107
Figure 4 14: Nevada Geothermal Power’s geothermal projects under development 108
Figure 4 15: Nevada Geothermal Power’s Blue Mountain leases 110
Figure 4 16: Ormat’s projects worldwide as of September 2010 111
Figure 4 17: Panax Geothermal’s geothermal projects 116
Figure 4 18: Ram Power geothermal projects in North America 120
Figure 4 19: Location of Terra-Gen Power’s electric generation assets 123
Figure 4 20: Location of Geodynamics’ Cooper Basin geothermal projects 125
Figure 4 21: Comparison of the two types of projects Geodynamics is developing 126
Figure 4 22: GreenFire Energy’s CO2ETM technology 127
Figure 4 23: Halliburton’s geothermal projects worldwide 129
Figure 4 24: Iceland Drilling’s drilling fleet 130
Figure 4 25: Potter Drilling’s technology 131
Figure 5 1: Financing for a geothermal electric project for a 20 MW site, EUR million 139
Figure 5 2: Investment cost of renewable energy technologies, USD 1,000 per MW 141
Figure 5 3: Current estimate cost of 100 MW geothermal development 142
Figure 5 4: Completed geothermal well costs as a function of depth 142
Figure 5 5: Renewable Energy cost trend for geothermal, USD 2005 144
Figure 5 6: Range of reduction of average levelised costs of electricity production in hydrothermal flash plants and binary plants, USD per MWh, 2010 to 2050 144
Figure 6 1: Map showing example of in-place geothermal energy for 6-7 km depth across Canada 147
Figure 6 2: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Canada, MW 149
Figure 6 3: Units of ground source heat pumps installed per year in Canada 151
Figure 6 4: Development of Geothermal Capacity in Mexico, MW 154
Figure 6 5: Total investment in geothermal in Mexico, USD million 156
Figure 6 6: Location of main geothermal fields, zones and sites in Mexico 157
Figure 6 7: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Mexico, MW 159
Figure 6 8: Development of Geothermal Capacity in the United States, MW 160
Figure 6 9: Geothermal generating capacity online in USA by state, MW, April 2011 161
Figure 6 10: NCPA Power Plant 2 at the Geysers, Winter 2005 162
Figure 6 11: New installed geothermal capacity in the USA, MW, 2005 to 2010 163
Figure 6 12: Total number of confirmed geothermal projects and prospects in the US, April 2006 to 2011 163
Figure 6 13: Capacity by project stage in the US, MW 164
Figure 6 14: Number of projects at stages 1 to 4 by US state 165
Figure 6 15: Projects in the advanced phase of development by US state, MW 165
Figure 6 16: Projects in the advanced phase of development in the US, MW, 2006 to 2011 166
Figure 6 17: Operating and installed geothermal capacity in the US by operator, MW 187
Figure 6 18: US operating and development of capacity of major industry participants 188
Figure 6 19: Project capacity in the US at stage 4 by operator, MW 189
Figure 6 20: Projected installed geothermal capacity in the US, MW, 2011 to 2017 189
Figure 6 21: Geothermal Resources in the United States 199
Figure 6 22: Units geothermal heat pump shipments in the United States, 1999 to 2009 200
Figure 6 23: US sales of GSHP units per year, 1999 to 2010E 200
Figure 6 24: US geothermal heat pump shipments by model type, units, 2000 to 2009 202
Figure 6 25: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in the United States, MW 203
Figure 6 26: US geothermal direct use projects and resource areas 203
Figure 6 27: Geothermal Technologies Programme’s ARRA funding 206
Figure 6 28: State or Federal Renewable Standards as of June 2011 211
Figure 7 1: Development of Geothermal Capacity in Australia, MW 213
Figure 7 2: Estimated crustal temperature at 5 km depth 214
Figure 7 3: Australian geothermal licence areas and acreage releases at January 2011 215
Figure 7 4: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Australia, MW 220
Figure 7 5: Development of Geothermal Capacity in China, MW 221
Figure 7 6: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in China, MW 223
Figure 7 7: Geothermal provinces in India 227
Figure 7 8: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in India, MW 228
Figure 7 9: Development of Geothermal Capacity in Indonesia, MW 229
Figure 7 10: Geothermal in Indonesia 230
Figure 7 11: Geothermal resources in Indonesia 232
Figure 7 12: Location map of Indonesian Geothermal Resources and its installed capacity 235
Figure 7 13: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Indonesia, MW 247
Figure 7 14: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Iran, MW 248
Figure 7 15: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Israel, MW 248
Figure 7 16: Development of Geothermal Capacity in Japan, MW 249
Figure 7 17: Geothermal power generation plants in Japan 251
Figure 7 18: Location of geothermal resources 254
Figure 7 19: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Japan, MW 255
Figure 7 20: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Jordan, MW 256
Figure 7 21: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Korea, MW 257
Figure 7 22: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Mongolia, MW 258
Figure 7 23: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Nepal, MW 259
Figure 7 24: Development of Geothermal Capacity in New Zealand, MW 259
Figure 7 25: Historical and projected growth in geothermal electricity generation in New Zealand 260
Figure 7 26: Total investments in geothermal in New Zealand, USD million 264
Figure 7 27: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in New Zealand, MW 265
Figure 7 28: Utilisation of geothermal energy for direct heat (other than heat pumps) in New Zealand 266
Figure 7 29: Geothermal direct heat uses in New Zealand, MW 266
Figure 7 30: Map showing the main uses of geothermal fluids in New Zealand, and showing the five geothermal regions 267
Figure 7 31: Assessment of restricted geothermal potential 268
Figure 7 32: Map of New Zealand geothermal fields 269
Figure 7 33: Map of geothermal fields in the Taupo Volcanic Zone 270
Figure 7 34: Development of Geothermal Capacity in Papua New Guinea, MW 271
Figure 7 35: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Papua New Guinea, MW 272
Figure 7 36: Development of Geothermal Capacity in the Philippines, MW 273
Figure 7 37: Geothermal Service Contract Areas of the Philippines 275
Figure 7 38: Location map of producing geothermal areas in the Philippines 276
Figure 7 39: Identified geothermal prospects for advance exploration and/or field development 281
Figure 7 40: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in the Philippines, MW 282
Figure 7 41: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Tajikistan, MW 283
Figure 7 42: Development of Geothermal Capacity in Thailand, MW 284
Figure 7 43: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Thailand, MW 285
Figure 7 44: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Vietnam, MW 286
Figure 7 45: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Yemen, MW 286
Figure 8 1: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Albania, MW 287
Figure 8 2: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Armenia, MW 288
Figure 8 3: Development of Geothermal Capacity in Austria, MW 289
Figure 8 4: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Austria, MW 290
Figure 8 5: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Belarus, MW 291
Figure 8 6: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Belgium, MW 292
Figure 8 7: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Bosnia, MW 293
Figure 8 8: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Bulgaria, MW 293
Figure 8 9: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Croatia, MW 294
Figure 8 10: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in the Czech Republic, MW 296
Figure 8 11: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Denmark, MW 297
Figure 8 12: Geothermal licences in Denmark 298
Figure 8 13: Map showing the existing plant locations and the principal structural elements in Denmark 299
Figure 8 14: Total investment in geothermal in Denmark, USD million 300
Figure 8 15: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Estonia, MW 301
Figure 8 16: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Finland, MW 301
Figure 8 17: Development of Geothermal Capacity in France MW 302
Figure 8 18: Soultz-sous-Forêts Project Overview 303
Figure 8 19: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in France, MW 304
Figure 8 20: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Georgia, MW 305
Figure 8 21: Development of Geothermal Capacity in Germany, MW 305
Figure 8 22: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Germany, MW 309
Figure 8 23: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Greece, MW 311
Figure 8 24: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Hungary, MW 313
Figure 8 25: Development of Geothermal Capacity in Iceland, MW 315
Figure 8 26: Installed capacity and generation in public power plants in Iceland, MW per GWh per percent, 2000 to 2009 316
Figure 8 27: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Iceland, MW 319
Figure 8 28: One of the geothermally heated swimming pools in Iceland 320
Figure 8 29: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Ireland, MW 322
Figure 8 30: Development of Geothermal Capacity in Italy, MW 323
Figure 8 31: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Italy, MW 327
Figure 8 32: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Latvia, MW 329
Figure 8 33: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Lithuania, MW 330
Figure 8 34: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Macedonia, MW 331
Figure 8 35: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in the Netherlands, MW 332
Figure 8 36: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Norway, MW 333
Figure 8 37: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Poland, MW 334
Figure 8 38: Geothermal sites in Poland 334
Figure 8 39: Development of Geothermal Capacity in Portugal & the Azores, MW 336
Figure 8 40: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Portugal & the Azores, MW 338
Figure 8 41: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Romania, MW 340
Figure 8 42: Development of Geothermal Capacity in the Russian Federation, MW 342
Figure 8 43: Some geothermal areas in the Russian Federation 344
Figure 8 44: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Russia, MW 345
Figure 8 45: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Serbia, MW 346
Figure 8 46: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in the Slovak Republic, MW 347
Figure 8 47: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Slovenia, MW 348
Figure 8 48: Localities with geothermal direct heat use in Slovenia 349
Figure 8 49: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Spain, MW 350
Figure 8 50: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Sweden, MW 351
Figure 8 51: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Switzerland, MW 353
Figure 8 52: Development of Geothermal Capacity in Turkey MW 354
Figure 8 53: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Turkey, MW 356
Figure 8 54: Locations of major geothermal fields, district heating and greenhouse installations and young volcanoes 358
Figure 8 55: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in the Ukraine, MW 359
Figure 8 56: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in the United Kingdom, MW 360
Figure 9 1: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power on the Caribbean Islands, MW 362
Figure 9 2: Development of Geothermal Capacity in Costa Rica, MW 363
Figure 9 3: Geothermal resources in Costa Rica 364
Figure 9 4: Map of geothermal development in Costa Rica 365
Figure 9 5: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Costa Rica, MW 366
Figure 9 6: Development of Geothermal Capacity in El Salvador, MW 367
Figure 9 7: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in El Salvador, MW 369
Figure 9 8: Development of Geothermal Capacity in Guatemala, MW 370
Figure 9 9: Geothermal fields in Guatemala 371
Figure 9 10: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Guatemala, MW 372
Figure 9 11: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Honduras, MW 373
Figure 9 12: Development of Geothermal Capacity in Nicaragua, MW 374
Figure 10 1: Development of Geothermal Capacity in Argentina, MW 379
Figure 10 2: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Argentina, MW 380
Figure 10 3: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Brazil, MW 381
Figure 10 4: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Chile, MW 383
Figure 10 5: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Colombia, MW 384
Figure 10 6: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Peru, MW. 386
Figure 10 7: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Venezuela, MW. 386
Figure 11 1: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Algeria, MW. 387
Figure 11 2: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Egypt, MW. 388
Figure 11 3: Development of Geothermal Capacity in Ethiopia, MW 389
Figure 11 4: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Ethiopia, MW. 390
Figure 11 5: Development of Geothermal Capacity in Kenya, MW 391
Figure 11 6: Geothermal areas in the East African Rift Valley 393
Figure 11 7: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Kenya, MW. 397
Figure 11 8: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Morocco, MW. 398
Figure 11 9: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in South Africa, MW. 398
Figure 11 10: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power in Tunisia, MW. 400